Neural Correlates for Feeling-of-Knowing

Kikyo, Hideyuki; Ohki, Kenichi; Miyashita, Yasushi

doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00939-x

Cited by 144 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…This connection with awareness was initially suggested in an fMRI experiment by Kikyo and Ohki (2002) in which they observed activity in anterior insula when subjects reported the subjective sense of knowing a word before recalling it in a memory task, which these authors called the ''feeling of knowing''. More recently Ploran et al (2007) found in an experiment employing a behavioral paradigm in which objects gradually emerge from noise that the activity of anterior insula was strongly linked to the moment when the subjects became aware of the identity of the object (allowing for the delays inherent in the fMRI signal).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

The von Economo neurons in frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex in great apes and humans

et al. 2010

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The von Economo neurons (VENs) are large bipolar neurons located in frontoinsular (FI) and anterior cingulate cortex in great apes and humans, but not other primates. We performed stereological counts of the VENs in FI and LA (limbic anterior, a component of anterior cingulate cortex) in great apes and in humans. The VENs are more numerous in humans than in apes, although one gorilla approached the lower end of the human range. We also examined the ontological development of the VENs in FI and LA in humans. The VENs first appear in small numbers in the 36th week post-conception, are rare at birth, and increase in number during the first 8 months after birth. There are significantly more VENs in the right hemisphere than in the left in FI and LA in postnatal brains of apes and humans. This asymmetry in VEN numbers may be related to asymmetries in the autonomic nervous system. The activity of the inferior anterior insula, which contains FI, is related to physiological changes in the body, decisionmaking, error recognition, and awareness. The VENs appear to be projection neurons, although their targets are unknown. We made a preliminary study of the connections of FI cortex based on diffusion tensor imaging in the brain of a gorilla. The VEN-containing regions connect to the frontal pole as well as to other parts of frontal and insular cortex, the septum, and the amygdala. It is likely that the VENs in FI are projecting to some or all of these structures and relaying information related to autonomic control, decision-making, or awareness. The VENs selectively express the bombesin peptides neuromedin B (NMB) and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) which are also expressed in another population of closely related neurons, the fork cells. NMB and GRP signal satiety. The genes for NMB and GRP are expressed selectively in small populations of neurons in the insular cortex in mice. These populations may be related to the VEN and fork cells and may be involved in the regulation of appetite. The loss of these cells may be related to the loss of satiety signaling in patients with frontotemporal dementia who have damage to FI. The VENs and fork cells may be morphological specializations of an ancient population of neurons involved in the control of appetite present in the insular cortex in all mammals. We found that the protein encoded by the gene DISC1 (disrupted in schizophrenia) is preferentially expressed by the VENs. DISC1 has undergone rapid evolutionary change in the line leading to humans, and since it suppresses dendritic branching it may be involved in the distinctive VEN morphology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

The von Economo neurons in frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex in great apes and humans

et al. 2010

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“…Along with its putative role in systems consolidation and retrieval (Maguire, 2001;Frankland and Bontempi, 2006;Takashima et al, 2006;Takehara-Nishiuchi and McNaughton, 2008), the mPFC has been indicated as a region involved in a diversity of functions, among which many with a mnemonic nature. The prefrontal cortex in general is believed to be involved in updating, maintenance, and manipulation of memory traces (Buckner and Wheeler, 2001;Fletcher and Henson, 2001), and the mPFC in particular is thought to be related to feeling of knowing (Kikyo et al, 2002), conceptual knowledge integration (Kumaran et al, 2009), perceptual matching (Summerfield and Koechlin, 2008), comprehension (Maguire et al, 1999;Mar, 2004), and remote associative memory (Takashima et al, 2007;Takehara-Nishiuchi and McNaughton, 2008), and is shown to actively replay learning-related neuronal spiking patterns during sleep (Takehara-Nishiuchi and McNaughton, 2008;Peyrache et al, 2009). Furthermore, mPFC lesions lead to specific retrieval impairments for remote, presumably consolidated memories (Takehara-Nishiuchi et al, 2006;Gilboa et al, 2009), and an absence of semantic congruency memory enhancement (Kan et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieval of Associative Information Congruent with Prior Knowledge Is Related to Increased Medial Prefrontal Activity and Connectivity

Kesteren¹,

Rijpkema²,

Ruiter³

et al. 2010

J. Neurosci.

219

167

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We remember information that is congruent instead of incongruent with prior knowledge better, but the underlying neural mechanisms related to this enhancement are still relatively unknown. Recently, this memory enhancement due to a prior schema has been suggested to be based on rapid neocortical assimilation of new information, related to optimized encoding and consolidation processes. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is thought to be important in mediating this process, but its role in retrieval of schema-consistent information is still unclear. In this study, we regarded multisensory congruency with prior knowledge as a schema and used this factor to probe retrieval of consolidated memories either consistent or inconsistent with prior knowledge. We conducted a visuotactile learning paradigm in which participants studied visual motifs randomly associated with word-fabric combinations that were either congruent or incongruent with common knowledge. The next day, participants were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging while their memory was tested. Congruent associations were remembered better than incongruent ones. This behavioral finding was parallelized by stronger retrieval-related activity in and connectivity between medial prefrontal and left somatosensory cortex. Moreover, we found a positive across-subject correlation between the connectivity enhancement and the behavioral congruency effect. These results show that successful retrieval of congruent compared to incongruent visuotactile associations is related to enhanced processing in an mPFCsomatosensory network, and support the hypothesis that new information that fits a preexisting schema is more rapidly assimilated in neocortical networks, a process that may be mediated, at least in part, by the mPFC.

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“…Greater FOK reports also activate the bilateral inferior frontal gyri (IFG), left medial frontal gyrus (MFG), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and bilateral caudate nuclei at the time of the FOK ratings. Several of these areas (MFG and ACC) were also related to later successful recall (Kikyo, Ohki, & Miyashita, 2002).…”

Section: Metacognitive Confidence In Memory Processesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Metacognitive confidence: A neuroscience approach

Luttrell

Briñol

Petty

et al. 2013

Revista de Psicología Social

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El acceso a la versión del editor puede requerir la suscripción del recurso Access to the published version may require subscription Metacognition refers to thoughts about our own thoughts or thought processes and implies a distinction between primary and secondary cognition (Dulonsky & Metcalfe, 2009). Primary thoughts are those that occur at a direct level of cognition and involve our initial associations of an object with some attribute, such as "I choose that product" or "I would like to sit down here with you." These primary cognitions are also called "object level" thoughts (e.g., Nelson & Narens, 1990). Following a primary thought, people can also generate other thoughts that occur at a second level. These thoughts involve reflections on the first level thoughts (e.g., "Do I really want to make that choice?" or "I am not so sure how much I would like to sit down here.").Among other things, secondary thoughts are important because they can magnify, attenuate, or even reverse the impact of first order cognitions. As noted recently by Briñol and DeMarree (2012), metacognition has assumed a prominent role in understanding social evaluations, decisions, as well as identity, and interpersonal interactions. In the present article, we review some of the work relevant for understanding how metacognition operates in the brain.There are several dimensions on which metacognitions can vary. For example, Petty, Briñol, Tormala, and Wegener (2007) suggested that people can think about their thoughts in terms of a variety of dimensions such as valence, number, target, origin, evaluation, and confidence. For example, two individuals might have the same thought but one believes that the thought stemmed from their own brains whereas another believes the thought reflects someone else's views. In another classic taxonomy, Dunlosky and Metcalfe (2009) classify metacognitions into three primary types: metacognitive knowledge (people's naïve theories about their thinking), monitoring (evaluating the appropriateness of one's own thoughts), and control (regulation on the thoughts). For example, students' perceptions that they "know" information for a test (over and above student's actual knowledge of the material) can regulate people's behavior (e.g., by discontinuing studying for a test on the target material; Flavell, Friedrichs, & Hoyt, 1970).We begin this article by reviewing how neuroscience has dealt with the distinction between first and second-order cognition. Although we will refer to different types of metacognitions throughout, we will focus our attention on metacognitive confidence. Thus, the second part of the chapter describes the importance of considering metacognitive confidence because it affects whether people use their primary cognitions in guiding judgments and behaviors. The research described in that section is organized around the type of primary thoughts for which people have confidence, including judgments about memory, choices, and evaluative judgments. Primary vs. Secondary CognitionAs just noted, a numb...

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Neural Correlates for Feeling-of-Knowing

Cited by 144 publications

References 45 publications

The von Economo neurons in frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex in great apes and humans

The von Economo neurons in frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex in great apes and humans

Retrieval of Associative Information Congruent with Prior Knowledge Is Related to Increased Medial Prefrontal Activity and Connectivity

Metacognitive confidence: A neuroscience approach

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