Neural Correlates of Motor Memory Consolidation

Shadmehr, Reza; Holcomb, Henry H.

doi:10.1126/science.277.5327.821

Cited by 922 publications

(610 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…A common observation in studies of motor learning is that, in the washout phase at the end of training, there is persistent error in the sense that movements do not return to previous baseline levels (Caithness et al 2004;Shadmehr and Holcomb 1997). Our behavioral results suggest that this occurs because learning changes both motor and somatosensory systems in parallel.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Sensorimotor adaptation changes the neural coding of somatosensory stimuli

Nasir

Darainy

Ostry

2013

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Nasir SM, Darainy M, Ostry DJ. Sensorimotor adaptation changes the neural coding of somatosensory stimuli. J Neurophysiol 109: 2077-2085, 2013. First published January 23, 2013 doi:10.1152/jn.00719.2012.-Motor learning is reflected in changes to the brain's functional organization as a result of experience. We show here that these changes are not limited to motor areas of the brain and indeed that motor learning also changes sensory systems. We test for plasticity in sensory systems using somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). A robotic device is used to elicit somatosensory inputs by displacing the arm in the direction of applied force during learning. We observe that following learning there are short latency changes to the response in somatosensory areas of the brain that are reliably correlated with the magnitude of motor learning: subjects who learn more show greater changes in SEP magnitude. The effects we observe are tied to motor learning. When the limb is displaced passively, such that subjects experience similar movements but without experiencing learning, no changes in the evoked response are observed. Sensorimotor adaptation thus alters the neural coding of somatosensory stimuli. motor learning; somatosensory evoked potential; reaching movement IS THE NEUROPLASTICITY THAT is associated with motor learning limited to motor areas of the brain, or do the effects of learning extend into nonmotor areas and notably into sensory systems? It is known that there are substantial anatomical interconnections linking the brain's motor and somatosensory regions. Cortical motor areas receive direct inputs from primary (Darian-Smith et al. 1993;Jones et al. 1978) and second somatosensory cortex (Cipolloni and Pandya 1999;Krubitzer and Kaas 1990) and from parietal areas 5 and 7 (Ghosh and Gattera 1995;Petrides and Pandya 1984). Somatosensory areas get direct cortical inputs from primary motor cortex (Darian-Smith et al. 1993;Jones et al. 1978;Krubitzer and Kaas 1990), premotor cortex (Cipolloni and Pandya 1999), and from supplementary motor area (Cipolloni and Pandya 1999;Jones et al. 1978). A change in somatosensory function in association with motor learning would seem to be a natural by-product of this anatomical connectivity. However, apart from behavioral studies (Cressman and Henriques 2009;Haith et al. 2008;Ostry et al. 2010;Wong et al. 2011) and a recent analysis of changes to resting-state networks in association with motor learning (Vahdat et al. 2011), there is little direct evidence that motor learning produces changes in sensory systems. Here we show that motor learning indeed alters the response of somatosensory areas of the brain. The changes we observe are substantially linked to motor learning in the sense that they vary in magnitude with motor learning, and they are not obtained when subjects passively experience the same movement kinematics, but do not experience learning.We studied motor learning using a force-field adaptation paradigm (Shadmehr and Mussa-Ivaldi 1994) in which subjects had to re...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Sensorimotor adaptation changes the neural coding of somatosensory stimuli

Nasir

Darainy

Ostry

2013

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…A similar finding was obtained in our previous study of ANI injections into primary motor cortex . It is known that the formation of a skill memory happens not only during training but also during the rest (Shadmehr and Holcomb 1997) and the sleep phases thereafter (Walker et al 2003). Interfering with these processes that may reflect consolidation between training sessions, may have led to impaired acquisition of the skill here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor skill learning depends on protein synthesis in the dorsal striatum after training

et al. 2009

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Functional imaging studies in humans and electrophysiological data in animals suggest that cortico-striatal circuits undergo plastic modifications during motor skill learning. In motor cortex and hippocampus circuit plasticity can be prevented by protein synthesis inhibition (PSI) which can interfere with certain forms learning. Here, the hypothesis was tested that inducing PSI in the dorsal striatum by bilateral intrastriatal injection of anisomycin (ANI) in rats interferes with learning a precision forelimb reaching task. Injecting ANI shortly after training on days 1 and 2 during 4 days of daily practice (n=14) led to a significant impairment of motor skill learning as compared with vehicle-injected controls (n=15, p=0.033). ANI did not affect the animals' motivation as measured by intertrial latencies. Also, ANI did not affect reaching performance once learning was completed and performance reached a plateau. These findings demonstrate that PSI in the dorsal striatum after training impairs the acquisition of a novel motor skill. The results support the notion that plasticity in basal ganglia circuits, mediated by protein synthesis, contributes to motor skill learning.

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“…A motor memory that becomes stabilized through practice can last for a very long period of time [Shadmehr and Holcomb, 1997]. Motor memories for writing can be accessed during character recognition [Flores d'Arcais, 1994] and letter perception [Parkinson et al, 2010].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Writing affects the brain network of reading in Chinese: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Cao

Chan

et al. 2012

Human Brain Mapping

111

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Abstract:We examined the hypothesis that learning to write Chinese characters influences the brain's reading network for characters. Students from a college Chinese class learned 30 characters in a characterwriting condition and 30 characters in a pinyin-writing condition. After learning, functional magnetic resonance imaging collected during passive viewing showed different networks for reading Chinese characters and English words, suggesting accommodation to the demands of the new writing system through shortterm learning. Beyond these expected differences, we found specific effects of character writing in greater activation (relative to pinyin writing) in bilateral superior parietal lobules and bilateral lingual gyri in both a lexical decision and an implicit writing task. These findings suggest that character writing establishes a higher quality representation of the visual-spatial structure of the character and its orthography. We found a greater involvement of bilateral sensori-motor cortex (SMC) for character-writing trained characters than pinyin-writing trained characters in the lexical decision task, suggesting that learning by doing invokes greater interaction with sensori-motor information during character recognition. Furthermore, we found a correlation of recognition accuracy with activation in right superior parietal lobule, right lingual gyrus, and left SMC, suggesting that these areas support the facilitative effect character writing has on reading. Finally, consistent with previous behavioral studies, we found character-writing training facilitates connections with semantics by producing greater activation in bilateral middle temporal gyri, whereas pinyin-writing training facilitates connections with phonology by producing greater activation in right inferior frontal gyrus.

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Neural Correlates of Motor Memory Consolidation

Cited by 922 publications

References 69 publications

Sensorimotor adaptation changes the neural coding of somatosensory stimuli

Sensorimotor adaptation changes the neural coding of somatosensory stimuli

Motor skill learning depends on protein synthesis in the dorsal striatum after training

Writing affects the brain network of reading in Chinese: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

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