Neural correlates of working memory in a visual letter monitoring task: an fMRI study

Mellers, John D. C.; Bullmore, Edward T.; Brammer, Mick; Williams, Steve; Andrew, Chris; Sachs, Nadia; Andrews, Caroline; Cox, Timothy S.; Simmons, Andrew; Woodruff, Peter; David, Anthony S.; Howard, Robert

doi:10.1097/00001756-199512290-00026

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Our recent fMRI, SPECT as well as photo-scan data also confirmed a frontal and temporal lobe low activation in TBI patients (Hatta et al, 2009;Kabasawa, 2008) Before describing the present reliability and validity results in more detail, we should briefly explain why digit/letter cancellation test performance is strongly associated with frontal lobe dysfunction and/or early signs of aging-related cognitive decline. Brain imaging studies have revealed that attention, especially digit/letter finding behavior, activates frontal brain areas (Cabeza et al, 2003;Leonard, Sunaert, Van Hecke, & Orban, 2000;Mellers et al, 1995). For example, Cabeza et al (2003) used event-related fMRI and reported that frontal areas, the parietal cortex, cingulate gyri, and thalamus were activated during a visual target detection task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Cabeza et al (2003) used event-related fMRI and reported that frontal areas, the parietal cortex, cingulate gyri, and thalamus were activated during a visual target detection task. Mellers et al (1995) reported activation in the anterior and posterior parasagittal cortices during a visual letter monitoring task. More precisely, a target (digit/letter) monitoring/searching task activates not only the frontal area, but also the fronto-parietal-cingulate-thalamic network.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliability and Validity of the Digit Cancellation Test, a Brief Screen of Attention

Hatta

Yoshizaki

Ito

et al. 2012

An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

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The reliability and validity of a screening test called the D-CAT (Digit Cancellation Test) were evaluated across two studies. The D-CAT was developed to provide a highly practical and user-friendly assessment of various aspects of prefrontal cortex functioning, including information processing speed, the ability to focus attention, and executive functioning. Participants perform the D-CAT by deleting given target numbers on a sheet of randomly arranged possibilities. In Study 1, the reliability of the D-CAT was evaluated using a test-retest paradigm. Reasonably high correlations between scores on the two test sessions were obtained. In Study 2, construct validity was examined using a sample of participants with traumatic brain injury. TBI participants showed significantly lower D-CAT performance than age and education level matched healthy controls. On the basis of these findings, the D-CAT can be regarded as a reliable and valid screening test for attentional functioning.Key words: screening test for attention, digit cancellation test, traumatic brain injury, test-reliability, test-validity "Higher-order cognitive functioning" consists of several different facets, including attention, memory, language, and problem solving. Each of the facets interrelates with the others in complex ways, although attention is regarded as a basic aspect of executive function in so-called higher-order cognitive functioning. The assessment of attention can be regarded as one of the most important basic aspects of any neuropsychological evaluation. Various assessments of human attentional abilities have been developed, including the Paced Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Brief Test of Attention (BTA),

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and Validity of the Digit Cancellation Test, a Brief Screen of Attention

Hatta

Yoshizaki

Ito

et al. 2012

An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

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“…Using fMRI, Cohen et al ([27]; see also [77]) explored the neural substrates associated with the n-back task. In this task, letters were sequentially presented and participants had to decide if each letter was similar to the one presented two items previously.…”

Section: Functional Imagery Of the Central Executive Of Working Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of them used as control condition a task in which subjects have to decide if each item sequentially presented is similar or not to a predetermined number of specific items, this number corresponding to the items being stored in working memory during the n-back condition [17,60,104,114]. The interest of such a control task is trying to remove the influence of the short-term maintenance of items on the updating process (contrary to the initial studies of Cohen et al [27] and Mellers et al [77]). Taken as a whole, these studies showed that the n-back task performance was associated to cerebral activity not only in the prefrontal dorsolateral cortex (BA 9/46), in the inferior frontal cortex (BA 44), in the anterior cingulate (BA 24) but also in posterior cerebral areas such as the superior and posterior parietal cortex (BA 40/7).…”

Section: Updating Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain imaging of the central executive component of working memory

Collette

Linden

2002

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

502

291

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“…The N-back test is a short-term, sequential letter task used to assess working memory function (Cohen et al, 1994). This task can reliably activate areas of the dorsolateral prefrontal and cingulate corticies associated with working memory function in both fMRI (Cohen et al, 1994Braver et al, 1997;Spitzer et al, 1996;Mellers et al, 1995) and PET studies (Awh et al, 1996;Smith et al, 1996). No significant effects of treatment condition were detected on any other cognitive measures, including a modified Stroop task measuring selective attention, a visual continuous performance task measuring sustained attention, a verbal fluency task measuring prefrontal cortical function, and a word span task measuring working memory span for both high-and low-frequency words.…”

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confidence: 99%

NMDA receptor regulation of memory and behavior in humans

2001

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N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction is associated with a range of effects on cognition and behavior in whole animal and human studies. NMDA receptor hypofunction within the brain, which can be induced experimentally in vivo using NMDA receptor antagonist drugs, produces adverse effects on memory function. The results suggest that NMDA receptor hypofunction can preferentially affect neural mechanisms regulating the efficiency of encoding and consolidation into longer-term storage. More pronounced NMDA receptor hypofunction can produce a clinical syndrome that includes core features of psychosis, as well as dissociation. Finally, sustained and severe underexcitation of NMDA receptors in the adult brain is associated with a neurotoxic process with well-characterized neuropathological features. Progressive increases in severity of NMDA receptor hypofunction within the brain can produce a range of effects on brain function, involving local and distributed circuitry, which may underlie the observed changes in behavior. As the brain ages, the NMDA receptor system becomes progressively hypofunctional, potentially contributing to further age-related decreases in memory and learning performance. Pharmacological and genomic methods for preventing NMDA receptor hypofunction, or for preventing the upstream or downstream consequences modeled by treatment with NMDA antagonists, may be applicable to the prevention and treatment of memory and behavioral dysfunction in a variety of neuropsychiatric disease conditions.

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Neural correlates of working memory in a visual letter monitoring task: an fMRI study

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Reliability and Validity of the Digit Cancellation Test, a Brief Screen of Attention

Reliability and Validity of the Digit Cancellation Test, a Brief Screen of Attention

Brain imaging of the central executive component of working memory

NMDA receptor regulation of memory and behavior in humans

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