Neural evidence reveals the rapid effects of reward history on selective attention

MacLean, Mary H.; Giesbrecht, Barry

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.016

Cited by 84 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Although the finding of increased P1 amplitudes is in line with previous results obtained in a feature-based reward paradigm (Hickey et al , 2010), other studies reported interactions of reward and attention at the level of the P1 component (MacLean and Giesbrecht, 2015) and even in V1 activity (Stănişor et al , 2013). This mixed pattern of results suggests that effects and interactions of attention and motivation within the visual cortex might strongly depend upon specific task parameters and the way attention and motivational relevance are eventually operationalized.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Independent effects of motivation and spatial attention in the human visual cortex

Bayer

Rossi

Vanlessen

et al. 2016

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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Motivation and attention constitute major determinants of human perception and action. Nonetheless, it remains a matter of debate whether motivation effects on the visual cortex depend on the spatial attention system, or rely on independent pathways. This study investigated the impact of motivation and spatial attention on the activity of the human primary and extrastriate visual cortex by employing a factorial manipulation of the two factors in a cued pattern discrimination task. During stimulus presentation, we recorded event-related potentials and pupillary responses. Motivational relevance increased the amplitudes of the C1 component at ∼70 ms after stimulus onset. This modulation occurred independently of spatial attention effects, which were evident at the P1 level. Furthermore, motivation and spatial attention had independent effects on preparatory activation as measured by the contingent negative variation; and pupil data showed increased activation in response to incentive targets. Taken together, these findings suggest independent pathways for the influence of motivation and spatial attention on the activity of the human visual cortex.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Independent effects of motivation and spatial attention in the human visual cortex

Bayer

Rossi

Vanlessen

et al. 2016

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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“…Specifically, although both the position and identity of reward cues is represented in each of the regions of the value-driven attention network during the capture of attention after reward learning has occurred (Peck et al , 2009; Qi et al , 2013; Yamamoto et al , 2013; Anderson et al , 2014; MacLean and Giesbrecht, 2015), such information is separately represented along the dorsal/ventral stream during learning. Specifically, the IPS represents spatial position but not object identity, whereas the opposite is true of the LOC and caudate tail, reflecting known principles of functional specialization within the visual system (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These regions include the caudate tail (Hikosaka et al , 2013; Yamamoto et al , 2013; Anderson et al , 2014; see also Anderson et al , 2016), object-selective visual cortex/lateral occipital complex (LOC; Anderson et al , 2014; Hickey and Peelen, 2015; Donohue et al , 2016; see also Hopf et al , 2015), and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS; Peck et al , 2009; Qi et al , 2013; Anderson et al , 2014), in addition to early visual cortex (MacLean and Giesbrecht, 2015; van Koningsbruggen et al , 2016; see also Seitz et al , 2009). When previously reward-associated stimuli are processed by the visual system, elevated activity within this network is consistently observed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reward processing in the value-driven attention network: reward signals tracking cue identity and location

Anderson¹

2016

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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Through associative reward learning, arbitrary cues acquire the ability to automatically capture visual attention. Previous studies have examined the neural correlates of value-driven attentional orienting, revealing elevated activity within a network of brain regions encompassing the visual corticostriatal loop [caudate tail, lateral occipital complex (LOC) and early visual cortex] and intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Such attentional priority signals raise a broader question concerning how visual signals are combined with reward signals during learning to create a representation that is sensitive to the confluence of the two. This study examines reward signals during the cued reward training phase commonly used to generate value-driven attentional biases. High, compared with low, reward feedback preferentially activated the value-driven attention network, in addition to regions typically implicated in reward processing. Further examination of these reward signals within the visual system revealed information about the identity of the preceding cue in the caudate tail and LOC, and information about the location of the preceding cue in IPS, while early visual cortex represented both location and identity. The results reveal teaching signals within the value-driven attention network during associative reward learning, and further suggest functional specialization within different regions of this network during the acquisition of an integrated representation of stimulus value.

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“…Crucially, these effects cannot be explained in terms of saliency alone, as similar results are not elicited by equally salient stimuli not associated with reward. These findings indicate that the value associated with a stimulus enhances its perceived saliency (Anderson, Laurent, & Yantis, 2011a; Failing & Theeuwes, 2014; MacLean & Giesbrecht, 2015b; Theeuwes & Belopolsky, 2012). Importantly, these value-driven attentional effects are observed to act against endogenous attentional control determined by the goals of the observer, the specific demands of the ongoing task, or even despite the fact that in certain experimental conditions these stimuli are no longer predictive of reward (Anderson et al, 2011a; Hickey, Chelazzi, & Theeuwes, 2010; MacLean, Diaz, & Giesbrecht, 2016; Munneke et al, 2016; Munneke et al, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These studies have demonstrated that stimuli signalling the possibility of gratifying or threatening events have an important influence on attentional control, with effects comparable to those exhibited by both exogenous and endogenous biases: On one hand, value-associated stimuli induce rapid, reflexive orienting responses similar to those elicited by physically salient stimuli (exogenous capture; Anderson, Laurent, & Yantis, 2011b; Failing & Theeuwes, 2014; MacLean & Giesbrecht, 2015b; Schmidt, Belopolsky, & Theeuwes, 2014). On the other hand, value-driven attentional biases have been observed to persist for extended periods of time, to be resistant to habituation and extinction, and even to transfer across different tasks (Anderson & Yantis, 2013; MacLean & Giesbrecht, 2015a; Stankevich & Geng, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed signals: The effect of conflicting reward- and goal-driven biases on selective attention

Preciado

Munneke

Theeuwes

2017

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Attentional selection depends on the interaction between exogenous (stimulus-driven), endogenous (goal-driven), and selection history (experience-driven) factors. While endogenous and exogenous biases have been widely investigated, less is known about their interplay with value-driven attention. The present study investigated the interaction between reward-history and goal-driven biases on perceptual sensitivity (d’) and response time (RT) in a modified cueing paradigm presenting two coloured cues, followed by sinusoidal gratings. Participants responded to the orientation of one of these gratings. In Experiment 1, one cue signalled reward availability but was otherwise task irrelevant. In Experiment 2, the same cue signalled reward, and indicated the target’s most likely location at the opposite side of the display. This design introduced a conflict between reward-driven biases attracting attention and goal-driven biases directing it away. Attentional effects were examined comparing trials in which cue and target appeared at the same versus opposite locations. Two interstimulus interval (ISI) levels were used to probe the time course of attentional effects. Experiment 1 showed performance benefits at the location of the reward-signalling cue and costs at the opposite for both ISIs, indicating value-driven capture. Experiment 2 showed performance benefits only for the long ISI when the target was at the opposite to the reward-associated cue. At the short ISI, only performance costs were observed. These results reveal the time course of these biases, indicating that reward-driven effects influence attention early but can be overcome later by goal-driven control. This suggests that reward-driven biases are integrated as attentional priorities, just as exogenous and endogenous factors.

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Neural evidence reveals the rapid effects of reward history on selective attention

Cited by 84 publications

References 25 publications

Independent effects of motivation and spatial attention in the human visual cortex

Independent effects of motivation and spatial attention in the human visual cortex

Reward processing in the value-driven attention network: reward signals tracking cue identity and location

Mixed signals: The effect of conflicting reward- and goal-driven biases on selective attention

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