Neural mechanisms mediating cross education: With additional considerations for the ageing brain

Calvert, Glenn H.M.; Carson, Richard G.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.025

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 420 publications

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“…The beneficial effect of MIT on BT compared to CTR is expected, given that studies (Yue and Cole, 1992;Yao et al, 2013) have shown neural adaptations as a result of MIT similar to those seen with PT. As aforementioned, studies (Imamizu and Shimojo, 1995;Carroll et al, 2006;Lee et al, 2010;Ruddy et al, 2017;Calvert and Carson, 2022) have consistently shown that PT can lead to improvements of the performance in the untrained contralateral limb, known as BT effect. The neural adaptations obtained during PT with the trained limb are believed to contribute to this effect.…”

Section: Overall Effects Of Mit On Btmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This phenomenon has been studied for over a century, with Volkmann's study in 1858 being one of the earliest recorded investigations (Volkmann, 1858). Since then, many studies have investigated the efficacy of BT in improving the performance of learned motor tasks with untrained limbs (Scripture et al, 1894;Cook, 1933) and examined the neuromechanisms that underlie it (Imamizu and Shimojo, 1995;Carroll et al, 2006;Lee et al, 2010;Ruddy et al, 2017;Calvert and Carson, 2022). Moreover, the field has extensively investigated the characteristics of transfer-direction, which involves transferring from the dominant limb (DL) to the nondominant limb (NDL) or from NDL to DL (Wang and Sainburg, 2006;Sainburg et al, 2016), as well as transfer-type, which includes intrinsic-coordinates transfer and extrinsic-coordinates transfer (Lange et al, 2004(Lange et al, , 2006.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bilateral transfer of motor performance as a function of motor imagery training: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Yao,

Ge,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Front. Psychol.

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ObjectiveThe objective of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of mental imagery training (MIT) in promoting bilateral transfer (BT) of motor performance for healthy subjects.Data sourcesWe searched 6 online-databases (Jul-Dec 2022) using terms: “mental practice,” “motor imagery training,” “motor imagery practice,” “mental training,” “movement imagery,” “cognitive training,” “bilateral transfer,” “interlimb transfer,” “cross education,” “motor learning,” “strength,” “force” and “motor performance.”Study selection and data extractionWe selected randomized-controlled studies that examined the effect of MIT on BT. Two reviewers independently determined if each study met the inclusion criteria for the review. Disagreements were resolved through discussion and, if necessary, by a third reviewer. A total of 9 articles out of 728 initially identified studies were chosen for the meta-analysis.Data synthesisThe meta-analysis included 14 studies for the comparison between MIT and no-exercise control (CTR) and 15 studies for the comparison between MIT and physical training (PT).ResultsMIT showed significant benefit in inducing BT compared to CTR (ES = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.57–0.98). The effect of MIT on BT was similar to that of PT (ES = –0.02, 95% CI = –0.15–0.17). Subgroup analyses showed that internal MIT (IMIT) was more effective (ES = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.57–2.76) than external MIT (EMIT) (ES = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.74–1.17), and mixed-task (ES = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.26–2.11) was more effective than mirror-task (ES = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.14–0.78) and normal-task (ES = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.23–0.90). No significant difference was found between transfer from dominant limb (DL) to non-dominant limb (NDL) (ES = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.37–0.97) and NDL to DL (ES = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.59–1.15).ConclusionThis review concludes that MIT can serve as a valuable alternative or supplement to PT in facilitating BT effects. Notably, IMIT is preferable to EMIT, and interventions incorporating tasks that have access to both intrinsic and extrinsic coordinates (mixed-task) are preferred over those that involve only one of the two coordinates (mirror-task or normal-task). These findings have implications for rehabilitation of patients such as stroke survivors.

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Section: Overall Effects Of Mit On Btmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral transfer of motor performance as a function of motor imagery training: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Yao,

Ge,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Front. Psychol.

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“…It is possible that through movement of the contralateral limb, corollary motor commands are also sent from M1 to the ipsilateral limb. Indeed, this is one explanation for the recovery of ipsilesional motor function in patients with upper limb paresis (Calvert and Carson 2022 ). In this study, during anti-phase movement, each limb may receive conflicting motor commands from each hemisphere of the brain from these descending contralateral and ipsilateral projections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A small minority, approximately 10%, of the of the axons do not cross at the medulla and run uncrossed through the brainstem to terminate in the medial regions of the spinal cord, constituting the anterior corticospinal tract. These axons of the anterior tract may then terminate contralaterally or ipsilaterally (Swinnen 2002 ; Carson 2005 ; Spencer et al 2005 ; Welniarz et al 2017 ; Calvert and Carson 2022 ). It is possible that through movement of the contralateral limb, corollary motor commands are also sent from M1 to the ipsilateral limb.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of elastic and viscous force fields on bimanual coordination

2023

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Bimanual in-phase and anti-phase coordination modes represent two basic movement patterns with distinct characteristics—homologous muscle contraction and non-homologous muscle contraction, respectively. A method to understand the contribution of each limb to the overall coordination pattern involves detuning (Δω) the natural eigenfrequency of each limb. In the present experiment, we experimentally broke the symmetry between the two upper limbs by adding elastic and viscous force fields using a Kinarm robot exoskeleton. We measured the effect of this symmetry breaking on coordination stability as participants performed bimanual in-phase and anti-phase movements using their left and right hand in 1:1 frequency locking mode. Differences between uncoupled frequencies were manipulated via the application of viscous & elastic force fields and using fast and slow oscillation frequencies with a custom task developed using the Kinarm robotic exoskeleton. The effects of manipulating the asymmetry between the limbs were measured through the mean and variability of relative phase (ϕ) from the intended modes of 0 ° or 180 °. In general, participants deviated less from intended phase irrespective of coordination mode in all matched conditions, except for when elastic loads are applied to both arms in the anti-phase coordination. Second, we found that when force fields were mismatched participants exhibited a larger deviation from the intended phase. Overall, there was increased phase deviation during anti-phase coordination. Finally, participants exhibited higher variability in relative phase in mismatched force conditions compared to matched force conditions, with overall higher variability during anti-phase coordination mode. We extend previous research by demonstrating that symmetry breaking caused by force differences between the limbs disrupts stability in each coordination mode.

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“…2011 ). There is limited evidence to support a monosynaptic pathway to convey direct ipsilateral actions to hand muscles, but it is possible that ipsilateral projections are conveyed through other indirect/polysynaptic pathways ( Calvert and Carson 2022 ). Though data presented in this study cannot elucidate the precise neural circuits and pathways through which ipsilateral M1 signals influence muscle activity, the results demonstrate for the first time that the contributing brain regions in the sensorimotor control are altered in PLS during a motor task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortico-muscular coherence in primary lateral sclerosis reveals abnormal cortical engagement during motor function beyond primary motor areas

et al. 2023

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Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a slowly progressing disorder, which is characterized primarily by the degeneration of upper motor neurons (UMNs) in the primary motor area (M1). It is not yet clear how the function of sensorimotor networks beyond M1 are affected by PLS. The aim of this study was to use cortico-muscular coherence (CMC) to characterize the oscillatory drives between cortical regions and muscles during a motor task in PLS and to examine the relationship between CMC and the level of clinical impairment. We recorded EEG and EMG from hand muscles in 16 participants with PLS and 18 controls during a pincer-grip task. In PLS, higher CMC was observed over contralateral-M1 (α- and γ-band) and ipsilateral-M1 (β-band) compared with controls. Significant correlations between clinically assessed UMN scores and CMC measures showed that higher clinical impairment was associated with lower CMC over contralateral-M1/frontal areas, higher CMC over parietal area, and both higher and lower CMC (in different bands) over ipsilateral-M1. The results suggest an atypical engagement of both contralateral and ipsilateral M1 during motor activity in PLS, indicating the presence of pathogenic and/or adaptive/compensatory alterations in neural activity. The findings demonstrate the potential of CMC for identifying dysfunction within the sensorimotor networks in PLS.

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Neural mechanisms mediating cross education: With additional considerations for the ageing brain

Cited by 15 publications

References 420 publications

Bilateral transfer of motor performance as a function of motor imagery training: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Bilateral transfer of motor performance as a function of motor imagery training: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The effect of elastic and viscous force fields on bimanual coordination

Cortico-muscular coherence in primary lateral sclerosis reveals abnormal cortical engagement during motor function beyond primary motor areas

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