Neural Mechanisms of Harm-Avoidance Learning

Hauser, Tobias U.; Eldar, Eran; Dolan, Raymond J.

doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1938

Cited by 28 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This in agreement with previous findings on harm avoidance [92], [93], though it is of note that what previous studies have highlighted is a somewhat different type of behaviour than that observed here, with a focus on active harm avoidance (i.e. doing something to avoid harm, rather than passively avoiding situations), see Hauser et al [94] for a discussion, in contrast to the more passive avoidance observed here. Compulsive checking was also linked to increased self-reported disorganized checking (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Emotions and individual differences shape foraging under threat

Scholl¹,

Trier²,

O’Reilly³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Animals and humans in natural environments balance their time between vigilance for threats and foraging for rewards. We designed a decision-making task to investigate how mood states and psychiatrically-relevant transdiagnostic dimensions affected this in a large online sample (discovery: N=374, replication: N=702). Mood was related to task environmental factors and stress showed homeostatic relationships with task behaviours such as foraging. Anxiety was associated with decreased vigilance due to threat-related worry, while compulsive checking was linked with increased but sub-optimal vigilance. Apathy was related to reduced vigilance and more frequent foraging, potentially reflecting reluctance to switch behaviours. Anhedonia was linked with a reduction in self-reported task engagement. Women reported higher stress and favoured vigilance over foraging. In sum, behavioural traits associated with psychological illness corresponded not simply to responsivity to threat but to specific, replicable patterns of balancing behaviour between foraging and vigilance for predatory threat.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Emotions and individual differences shape foraging under threat

Scholl¹,

Trier²,

O’Reilly³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, varying reward probabilities used in the paradigms may have led to inconsistent findings in psychiatric populations, e.g., ADHD which ranges from no differences in VS activation (von Rhein et al, 2015) to hypoactivation in the VS for patients with ADHD (Plichta and Scheres, 2014). Examining the association between psychiatric disorders and reward sensitivity as a function of different degrees of uncertainty could broaden our understanding of disorders that have been associated with harm avoidance (Hauser et al, 2016) as well as a reduced tolerance toward uncertainties like internalizing disorders (e.g., anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder; Carleton, 2012;Mahoney and McEvoy, 2012), anorexia nervosa (Frank et al, 2012) and even ADHD (Gramszlo et al, 2018). Techniques based on rewards are an important component of behavioral therapy, and a better understanding of the reward system might have important implications for therapeutic procedures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventral Striatal Activation During Reward Anticipation of Different Reward Probabilities in Adolescents and Adults

Bretzke

Wahl

Plichta

et al. 2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Adolescence has been linked to an enhanced tolerance of uncertainty and risky behavior and is possibly connected to an increased response toward rewards. However, previous research has produced inconsistent findings. To investigate whether these findings are due to different reward probabilities used in the experimental design, we extended a monetary incentive delay (MID) task by including three different reward probabilities. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, 25 healthy adolescents and 22 adults were studied during anticipation of rewards in the VS. Differently colored cue stimuli indicated either a monetary or verbal trial and symbolized different reward probabilities, to which the participants were blinded. Results demonstrated faster reaction times for lower reward probabilities (33%) in both age groups. Adolescents were slower through all conditions and had less activation on a neural level. Imaging results showed a three-way interaction between age group x condition x reward probability with differences in percent signal change between adolescents and adults for the high reward probabilities (66%, 88%) while adolescents demonstrated differences for the lowest (33%). Therefore, previous inconsistent findings could be due to different reward probabilities, which makes examining these crucial for a better understanding of adolescent and adult behavior.

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“…For pragmatic reasons, we did not include all possible measures of relevance to impulsivity and compulsivity. For example, we did not assess reflection-impulsivity, or tasks of ‘incremental’ habit learning (Gillan and Robbins, 2014, Hauser et al , 2016). It would be valuable to include such parameters in future work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latent traits of impulsivity and compulsivity: toward dimensional psychiatry

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe concepts of impulsivity and compulsivity are commonly used in psychiatry. Little is known about whether different manifest measures of impulsivity and compulsivity (behavior, personality, and cognition) map onto underlying latent traits; and if so, their inter-relationship.MethodsA total of 576 adults were recruited using media advertisements. Psychopathological, personality, and cognitive measures of impulsivity and compulsivity were completed. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to identify the optimal model.ResultsThe data were best explained by a two-factor model, corresponding to latent traits of impulsivity and compulsivity, respectively, which were positively correlated with each other. This model was statistically superior to the alternative models of their being one underlying factor (‘disinhibition’) or two anticorrelated factors. Higher scores on the impulsive and compulsive latent factors were each significantly associated with worse quality of life (both p < 0.0001).ConclusionsThis study supports the existence of latent functionally impairing dimensional forms of impulsivity and compulsivity, which are positively correlated. Future work should examine the neurobiological and neurochemical underpinnings of these latent traits; and explore whether they can be used as candidate treatment targets. The findings have implications for diagnostic classification systems, suggesting that combining categorical and dimensional approaches may be valuable and clinically relevant.

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Neural Mechanisms of Harm-Avoidance Learning

Cited by 28 publications

References 10 publications

Emotions and individual differences shape foraging under threat

Emotions and individual differences shape foraging under threat

Ventral Striatal Activation During Reward Anticipation of Different Reward Probabilities in Adolescents and Adults

Latent traits of impulsivity and compulsivity: toward dimensional psychiatry

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