Neural Network-Based Evaluation of Chronic Non-Thermal Effects of Modulated 2450 MHz Microwave Radiation on Electroencephalogram

Abstract

The effects of chronic exposure (2 h daily for 21 days) of 1 kHz square wave-modulated 2450 MHz microwave radiation (non-thermal) on sleep-EEG, open field behavior, and thyroid hormones (T(3), T(4), and TSH) have been analyzed in an animal model. Results revealed significant changes in these pathophysiological parameters (p < 0.05 or better), except body temperature, grooming behavior, and TSH levels. The sleep-EEG power spectrum data for slow wave sleep (SWS), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and awake (AWA) states in two experimental groups of rats (microwave exposed and the control) were tested by an artificial neural network (ANN), containing 60 nodes in input layer, weighted from power spectrum data from 0 to 30 Hz, 18 nodes in hidden layer and an output node. The target output values for this network were determined with another five-layered neural network (with the structure of 6-14-1-14-6). The input and output of this network was assigned with the six confirmed pathophysiological changes. The most important feature for chronic exposure of 2450 MHz microwave exposure and for control subjects was extracted from the third layer single neuron and used as the target value for the three-layered ANN. The network was found effective in recognizing the EEG power spectra with an average of 71.93% for microwave exposure and 93.13% for control subjects, respectively. However, the lower percentage of pattern identification agreement in the microwave-exposed group in comparison to the control group suggest only mild effects of microwave exposure with this experimental setup.

Study and application status of the nonthermal effects of microwaves in chemistry and materials science – a brief review

“…This experimental result confirmed the strong influence of the nonthermal effects of MWs on the activity of animal cells. Sinha et al 67 studied the influence of the nonthermal effects of MWs on electroencephalogram (EEG) of rats that were chronically exposed to MW irradiation. Sleep- EEG, open field behaviour, and thyroid hormones (T3, T4, and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)) were analysed, and the authors observed significant changes in all examined pathophysiological parameters except body temperature, grooming behaviour, and TSH levels.…”

Two emerging topics regarding long-range physical signaling in neurosystems: Membrane nanotubes and electromagnetic fields

“…Another aspect where new insights into electrical and electromagnetically cell-tocell coupling in the brain could have an impact is the research about the effect of external electromagnetic fields (caused by technical devices such as cell phones) on neurophysiological processes. Non-thermal effects not yet understood (e.g., Bawin et al, 1973;Huber et al, 2002;Sinha et al, 2008;Schmid et al, 2012;Mohammed et al, 2013) could possibly be explained by considering the electrical and endogenous electromagnetic processes in brains. Finally, the inclusion of the novel cell-to-cell communication modes in models about cognitive processes, and ultimately about consciousness, could lead to new insights.…”

Evaluation of Non-Thermal Microwave Effects on Bovine Lens by Measuring S-Parameters Induced by Variations in Dielectric Coefficient

“…However, they neglect the possible health hazards caused by the non-thermal effects. To data, numerous studies have shown or indicated that the nonthermal effects of microwave could cause various types of molecular transformations and alterations by disturbing the weak bonds which could cause special microscopic biological effects (protein synthesis [3]- [7], genotoxicity [8]- [13] oxidative stress [14]- [18], cell signaling [19]- [22], brain EEG [23], cell apoptosis [24] [25], sperm motility [26] and etc.). From the macro perspective, non-thermal effects of microwave might cause heat shock [3], infertility [7] [18], auditory system buzzing sound [27] , visual loss [28] and etc.…”