“…15 The most important feature of an ANN is that it establishes expert knowledge based on pattern recognition logic to simulate the objective phenomenon. Since Fisher 4 and Openshaw 5 first applied ANNs for spatial analyses, many subsequent studies have successfully applied ANNs to investigate various urban issues such as land use changes, 7,16,17 urban growth research, 1,8,18 regional labor markets, 19 traffic management, 20 management of building energy usage, 21 and regional economic activities. 22,23 An ANN is a type of deterministic algorithm and is usually used to perform static simulations for pattern classifications; 15 however, various urban phenomena are complex and dynamic and often depend on the probabilities with which certain events may be triggered.…”