Neural processing of the own child’s facial emotions in mothers with a history of early life maltreatment

Abstract

Early life maltreatment (ELM) has long-lasting effects on social interaction. When interacting with their own child, women with ELM often report difficulties in parenting and show reduced maternal sensitivity. Sensitive maternal behavior requires the recognition of the child's emotional state depicted in its facial emotions. Based on previous studies, it can be expected that ELM affects the neural processing of facial emotions by altering activation patterns in parts of the brain's empathy and mentalizing networks. However, so far studies have focused on the processing of standardized, adult facial emotions. Therefore, the current study investigated the impact of ELM on the processing of one's own child's facial emotions using functional magnetic resonance imaging. To achieve this, 27 mothers with and 26 mothers without a history of ELM (all without current mental disorders and psychopharmacological treatment) took part in an emotional face recognition paradigm with happy, sad, and neutral faces of their own and an unknown primary school-aged child of the same age and sex. We found elevated activations in regions of the mentalizing (superior temporal sulcus, precuneus) and mirror neuron (inferior parietal lobule) networks as well as in the visual face processing network (cuneus, middle temporal gyrus) in mothers with ELM compared to the non-maltreated mothers in response to happy faces of their own child. This suggests a more effortful processing and cognitive empathic mentalizing of the own child's facial happiness in mothers with ELM. Future research should address whether this might indicate a compensatory recruitment of mentalizing capacities to maintain maternal sensitivity.

Emotion Recognition in Adults With a History of Childhood Maltreatment: A Systematic Review

“…The task was first used in Strathearn et al (2008). Neukel et al (2019) created their own database of happy, sad, and neutral emotion pictures from videos of participants' school-aged children. Ekman and Friesen's (1976) set of six basic emotions, namely, happiness, anger, disgust, fear, sadness, and surprise (Russo et al, 2015), whereas other studies focused on specific emotions.…”

Neurobiological Implications of Parent–Child Emotional Availability: A Review

“…The development of the prenatal EA construct and measurement [34] provides an avenue to investigate parent-child relationships (using an observational lens) from the prenatal period to adolescence [30]. Work on imagined scenarios of conflict and pleasurable interactions [7] with one's child (even before birth) could open up new areas for intervention and prevention.…”

“…Further, maltreated children have been found to show enhanced neural responsiveness to "angry stimuli" such as facial expressions [6]. Additional work by Neukel, et al [7] indicates that mothers with a history of early maltreatment are more likely to show effort in processing their own infant's facial expressions of emotion, as evidenced by elevated activation of areas that are associated with the visual processing of faces (e.g., cuneus, middle temporal gyrus). These studies have established the impact of early adverse experiences on brain and physiological functions.…”

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“…The occipital lobe, especially Cun functioning as a visual, is noticeably developed during the puberty period. The Cun is known for its involvement in basic visual processing and emotion [ 23 ]. This brain development activity seems to be associated with children’s sensitive response to visual stimuli such as appearance or fashion.…”