Neural Selection and Control of Visually Guided Eye Movements

Schall, Jeffrey D.; Thompson, Kirk G.

doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.241

Cited by 446 publications

(327 citation statements)

References 86 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

303

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Synapsing directly upon the reticular formation are projections from the frontal eye fields 59 . With so few synapses separating frontal eye fields from the extraocular muscles 24 , spontaneous time-locking of eye movements suggests the likely presence of some, even modest, degree of time-locked neural activity in stages prior to motor movement initiation. Given the present behavioral results, it is intriguing to speculate on the extent of possible concordance in activity of neural systems that play a role in saccadic eye movements 24 (frontal eye fields, supplementary eye fields, parietal eye fields, Area 22, DLPFC).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More surprisingly, when analyses were restricted to moments of motor initiation of a saccade (Figure 2f), we observed a 21.1% increase in probability of time-locked eye movements: within +/−16.7 msec, MZ twins, but not DZ twins, initiated saccades at the same moments (Figure 2g,h). These results suggest that MZ toddlers, freely viewing naturalistic social stimuli, may synchronize not only the timing of overt eye movements, but also the activity of neuronal ensembles commonly associated with those movements: activity connecting areas of cortex to brainstem and cranial nerves 23,24 , ultimately resulting in time-locked shifts of gaze 24 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Infant viewing of social scenes is under genetic control and is atypical in autism

Constantino

Kennon-McGill

Weichselbaum

et al. 2017

Nature

246

254

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Long before infants reach, crawl, or walk, they explore the world by looking: they look to learn and to engage1, giving preferential attention to social stimuli including faces2, face-like stimuli3, and biological motion4. This capacity—social visual engagement—shapes typical infant development from birth5 and is pathognomonically impaired in children affected by autism6. Here we show that variation in viewing of social scenes—including levels of preferential attention and the timing, direction, and targeting of individual eye movements—is strongly influenced by genetic factors, with effects directly traceable to the active seeking of social information7. In a series of eye-tracking experiments conducted with 338 toddlers—including 166 epidemiologically-ascertained twins, 88 non-twins with autism, and 84 singleton controls—we find high monozygotic twin-twin concordance (0.91) and relatively low dizygotic concordance (0.35). Moreover, the measures that are most highly heritable, preferential attention to eye and mouth regions of the face, are also those that are differentially diminished in children with autism (Χ2=64.03, P<0.0001). These results—which implicate social visual engagement as a neurodevelopmental endophenotype—not only for autism, but for population-wide variation in social-information-seeking8—reveal a means of human biological niche construction, with phenotypic differences emerging from the interaction of individual genotypes with early life experience7.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Infant viewing of social scenes is under genetic control and is atypical in autism

Constantino

Kennon-McGill

Weichselbaum

et al. 2017

Nature

246

254

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Visually selective neurons in the FEF respond to targets for saccades and are reliable indicators of a forthcoming saccade (Bichot et al, 2001;Schall and Thompson, 1999). Saccadic response time (SRT) is correlated with the time it takes a visually-selective FEF cell to respond to a target in its receptive field during visual discrimination (Sato et al, 2001).…”

Section: Saccade Latencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In essence, model FEF cells function as cumulative spike counters, integrating ORB and ITA activity along with some noise and arousal inputs to elicit saccades using a "race to threshold" rule (Schall and Thompson, 1999). For a more detailed representation of the FEF, see Brown et al (2004).…”

Section: Outside This Interval Recurrent Inhibitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic value systems in conditioning and outcome-specific revaluation

2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Although there is an explicit component to the learning that could presumably be used to guide selections by any type of response (e.g. manual selections), we have focused on saccadic eye movements, which have been extensively studied with regard to target selection (Schall and Thompson 1999). Our current Markov task, used to demonstrate learning, is most similar to free choice experiments used to demonstrate neural correlates of subjective valuation or reward probability in the lateral intraparietal area (Platt and Glimcher 1999;Sugrue et al 2004;Dorris and Glimcher 2004;Yang and Shadlen 2007) and prefrontal cortex (Barraclough et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saccade selection when reward probability is dynamically manipulated using Markov chains

2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Markov chains (stochastic processes where probabilities are assigned based on the previous outcome) are commonly used to examine the transitions between behavioral states, such as those that occur during foraging or social interactions. However, relatively little is known about how well primates can incorporate knowledge about Markov chains into their behavior. Saccadic eye movements are an example of a simple behavior influenced by information about probability, and thus are good candidates for testing whether subjects can learn Markov chains. In addition, when investigating the influence of probability on saccade target selection, the use of Markov chains could provide an alternative method that avoids confounds present in other task designs. To investigate these possibilities, we evaluated human behavior on a task in which stimulus reward probabilities were assigned using a Markov chain. On each trial, the subject selected one of four identical stimuli by saccade; after selection, feedback indicated the rewarded stimulus. Each session consisted of 200-600 trials, and on some sessions, the reward magnitude varied. On sessions with a uniform reward, subjects (n = 6) learned to select stimuli at a frequency close to reward probability, which is similar to human behavior on matching or probability classification tasks. When informed that a Markov chain assigned reward probabilities, subjects (n = 3) learned to select the greatest reward probability more often, bringing them close to behavior that maximizes reward. On sessions where reward magnitude varied across stimuli, subjects (n = 6) demonstrated preferences for both greater reward probability and greater reward magnitude, resulting in a preference for greater expected value (the product of reward probability and magnitude). These results demonstrate that Markov chains can be used to dynamically assign probabilities that are rapidly exploited by human subjects during saccade target selection.

show abstract

Neural Selection and Control of Visually Guided Eye Movements

Cited by 446 publications

References 86 publications

Infant viewing of social scenes is under genetic control and is atypical in autism

Infant viewing of social scenes is under genetic control and is atypical in autism

Dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic value systems in conditioning and outcome-specific revaluation

Saccade selection when reward probability is dynamically manipulated using Markov chains

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About