Neural signals in amygdala predict implicit prejudice toward an ethnic outgroup

Izuma, Keise; Aoki, Ryuichi; Shibata, Kazuhisa; Nakahara, Kiyoshi

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.019

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Previous studies have already shown a similar pattern of results (e.g. Izuma et al, 2019), as for instance a study by Phelps et al (2000) which showed that differences in the activation threshold of the amygdala when viewing Black and Caucasian faces correlated with the individual scores obtained on the Implicit Association Test, thus allowing indirect and implicit measures of ethnic bias.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…When used in concert with behavioural measures, ERPs have provided researchers with a more complete approach to the study of cognitive processes (Coles, 1989). Other studies have found a correlation between electrophysiological measures and behavioural ones, supporting the ability of EEG/ERPs to overcome problems related to social desirability pressures and explicit self-report measures (Phelps et al, 2000;Hehman et al, 2014;Izuma et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Measuring implicit mental representations related to ethnic stereotypes with ERPs: An exploratory study

2021

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The present investigation used ERPs to detect the activation of implicit stereotypical representations associated to different ethnic groups, by means of an implicit paradigm. 285 sentences were presented to 20 Italian Caucasian participants while EEG signals were recorded from 128 scalp sites. Sentences could either violate (Incongruent condition), non-violate (Congruent condition) or be neutral (Neutral condition) with regard to stereotypical concepts concerning non-Caucasian ethnic groups (e.g. Asians, Africans, Arabs). No awareness or judgment about stereotypes was required. Participants were engaged in a fictitious task, ignoring the overall study's purpose. The results showed that Incongruent terminal words elicited a greater anterior N400 response (300-500 ms) compared to Congruent and Neutral words, reflecting a difficulty in integrating the information incongruent with pre-existing stereotypical knowledge. The participant's individual amplitude values of the N400-Difference Wave (Incongruent-Congruent), showed a direct correlation with the individual racism scores obtained at the Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale, administered at the end of the experimental session. Intra-cortical sources explaining the N400 involved areas of the social cognition network such as the medial frontal cortex (BA10) and the inferior temporal gyrus (BA20) which are known to support processing of information about other people and impression formation. Moreover, Congruent terminal words evoked a greater P300 response (500-600 ms) compared to the other conditions, possibly reflecting the merging of incoming inputs with anticipated semantic information. A late post-N400 frontal positivity (650-800 ms) was found to be larger to sentences concerning other-race characters (ether congruent or incongruent) compared to sentences involving own-race characters (neutral). The study corroborated the effectiveness of neurophysiological measures to assess implicit complex semantic representations and circumventing social desirability-related problems.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Measuring implicit mental representations related to ethnic stereotypes with ERPs: An exploratory study

2021

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“…suboptimal social relations (Clark, Miller, & Hegde, 2018;Dotterer et al, 2017;Izuma, Aoki, Shibata, & Nakahara, 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Status Inequalities Partially Mediate Racial and Ethnic Differences in Children’s Amygdala Volume

Assari¹

2020

SSSR

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Background: While race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) impact brain structures such as the amygdala, less is known on whether or not family SES partially explains why amygdala volume is smaller for racial and ethnic minority groups. Purpose: This study tested the mediating effects of family SES on racial and ethnic differences in right and left amygdala volume. Methods: We borrowed the structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) data of the Children Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a brain imaging investigation of childhood brain development in the US. The total sample was 8977, 9-10-year-old children. The independent variables were race and ethnicity. The primary outcomes were right and left amygdala volume. Age, sex, household size, and marital status were the covariates. Multiple SES indicators such as family income, subjective family SES, parental employment, parental education, and neighborhood income were the mediators. To analyze the data, we used regression models without and with our mediators. Sobel test was used to test if these mediational paths are statistically significant. Results: Black and Latino children had smaller amygdala sizes than non-Latino White children. The effects of race and ethnicity on amygdala volume were partially mediated by SES indicators, suggesting that one of the many reasons Black and Latino children have smaller volumes of right and left amygdala is their lower SES. Conclusions: For American children, lower family and neighborhood SES indicators partially, but not fully, explain smaller amygdala sizes of Black and Latino children compared to non- Latino White children.

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“…Interestingly, negative emotion terms such as “negative,” “avoid,” “avoidance,” and “fear” were decoded. The amygdala engages in fear-conditioned associative memories and is associated with unconscious negative emotional evaluations ( LeDoux, 1992 ; Phelps et al, 2000 ; Izuma et al, 2019 ). Fear-conditioned memories are instantly acquired and persistently remain ( Phelps, 2004 ; Poulos et al, 2009 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural mechanisms of brand love relationship dynamics: Is the development of brand love relationships the same as that of interpersonal romantic love relationships?

Watanuki

2022

Front. Neurosci.

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Brand love is a relationship between brands and consumers. Managing the relationship is an important issue for marketing strategy since it changes according to temporal flow. Brand love theories, including their dynamics, have been developed based on interpersonal romantic love theories. Although many brand love studies have provided useful findings, the neural mechanism of brand love remains unclear. Especially, its dynamics have not been considered from a neuroscience perspective. The present study addressed the commonalities and differentiations of activated brain regions between brand love and interpersonal romantic love relationships using a quantitative neuroimaging meta-analytic approach, from the view of brain connectivity. Regarding the mental processes of each love relationship related to these activated brain regions, decoding analysis was conducted using the NeuroQuery platform to prevent reverse inference. The results revealed that different neural mechanisms and mental processes were distinctively involved in the dynamics of each love relationship, although the anterior insula overlapped across all stages and the reinforcement learning system was driven between both love relationships in the early stage. Remarkably, regarding the distinctive mental processes, although prosocial aspects were involved in the mental processes of interpersonal romantic love relationships across all stages, they were not involved in the mental processes of brand love relationships. Conclusively, although common brain regions and mental processes between both love relationships were observed, neural mechanisms and mental processes in brand love relationship dynamics might be innately different from those in the interpersonal romantic love relationship dynamics. As this finding indicates essential distinctiveness between both these relationships, theories concerning interpersonal romantic love should be applied cautiously when investigating brand love relationship dynamics.

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Neural signals in amygdala predict implicit prejudice toward an ethnic outgroup

Cited by 11 publications

References 65 publications

Measuring implicit mental representations related to ethnic stereotypes with ERPs: An exploratory study

Measuring implicit mental representations related to ethnic stereotypes with ERPs: An exploratory study

Socioeconomic Status Inequalities Partially Mediate Racial and Ethnic Differences in Children’s Amygdala Volume

Neural mechanisms of brand love relationship dynamics: Is the development of brand love relationships the same as that of interpersonal romantic love relationships?

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