Neural substrates of cognitive reserve in Alzheimer's disease spectrum and normal aging

Lee, Dong Hyuk; Lee, Peter Jaehyun; Seo, Sang Won; Roh, Jee Hoon; Oh, Mimyoung; Oh, Junsu S; Oh, Seung Jun; Kim, Jae Seung; Jeong, Yong Hoon

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.053

Cited by 77 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…In patients with AD, several neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that neural substrates of CR are closely linked to AD pathology-prone regions [ 101 - 106 ]. We hypothesized that the neural correlates of MR in PD populations might be coupled with the network associated with motor function.…”

Section: Neuroimaging Markers and Mrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Concepts of Motor Reserve in Parkinson’s Disease

Chung¹,

Lee²,

Lee³

et al. 2020

JMD

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The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) explains the differences between individuals in their susceptibility to AD-related pathologies. An enhanced CR may lead to less cognitive deficits despite severe pathological lesions. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is also a common neurodegenerative disease and is mainly characterized by motor dysfunction related to striatal dopaminergic depletion. The degree of motor deficits in PD is closely correlated to the degree of dopamine depletion; however, significant individual variations still exist. Therefore, we hypothesized that the presence of motor reserve (MR) in PD explains the individual differences in motor deficits despite similar levels of striatal dopamine depletion. Since 2015, we have performed a series of studies investigating MR in de novo patients with PD using the data of initial clinical presentation and dopamine transporter PET scan. In this review, we summarized the results of these published studies. In particular, some premorbid experiences (i.e., physical activity and education) and modifiable factors (i.e., body mass index and white matter hyperintensity on brain image studies) could modulate an individual’s capacity to tolerate PD pathology, which can be maintained throughout disease progression.

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Section: Neuroimaging Markers and Mrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Concepts of Motor Reserve in Parkinson’s Disease

Chung¹,

Lee²,

Lee³

et al. 2020

JMD

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“…Different regions of the brain do not function in isolation; rather, cost-efficient mechanisms for information transfer between distant regions are favored (Sporns, 2014). FC thus has the potential to reveal the neurofunctional mechanisms believed to indicate accumulated expertise and greater efficiency due to experience, such as increased segregation of brain regions (Marques et al, 2016;Lee et al, 2019). For example, default mode network (DMN) negative synchronization -or decouplingfrom task-related regions is considered to be a key mediator of cognitive performance (see Sala-Llonch et al, 2015, for a review), and increased synchrony between brain regions related to semantic processing has been suggested to support cognitive performance in healthy aging (Wirth et al, 2011;Hoyau et al, 2018;Spreng and Turner, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Connectivity of Successful Picture-Naming: Age-Specific Organization and the Effect of Engaging in Stimulating Activities

Ferré

Jarret

Brambati

et al. 2020

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Aging is a lifelong process that starts at birth. Throughout the course of their life, individuals are exposed to various levels of stimulating activities. A higher level of engagement in such activities is suspected to protect against the normal course of cognitive aging or the cognitive manifestations of age-related brain diseases. However, the exact mechanism underlying such protective action remains unclear. The concept of the neurocognitive reserve was introduced to refer to the hypothesis that engagement in stimulating activities shapes brain structure and function, thus indirectly allowing for better preserved cognitive abilities. Although it is known that word production is among the best-preserved cognitive abilities in aging, the underlying neurofunctional mechanisms that allow this relative preservation are still unknown, and it is still unclear how engagement in stimulating activities affects these processes. The objective of this study is to describe the brain functional connectivity patterns associated with picture-naming abilities in younger and older adults with varying levels of engagement in stimulating activities, as a proxy for neurocognitive reserve. A mediation analysis was applied to determine whether the association between reserve proxies and naming accuracy is dependent on task FC. Results show that naming accuracy depends on the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) functional decoupling in both younger and older adults but through different pathways. While high-performing older adults rely on the asynchronization of this area from motor speech regions' activity, the best-performing younger adults rely on the functional decoupling with language-related regions. Mediation analysis reveals that the PCC decoupling mediates the relationship between the level of engagement in stimulating activities and naming accuracy in younger adults, but not in older adults. These findings suggest that reserve-related mechanisms may be more critical for naming in early adult life, while older adults' neurofunctional organization may benefit more from a lifetime of acquired knowledge.

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“…Hypometabolism in the left inferior gyri might be related to low ReHo values. A recent study showed that in the left inferior temporal gyrus, higher levels of education were related to thinner cortical thickness (greater cortical atrophy) [9]. Therefore, we speculate that the inferior temporal gyrus may play an important role in CR in AD patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Most studies support the reserve hypothesis in neurodegenerative disorders. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), patients with higher cognitive reserve (CR) can tolerate greater brain pathological damage at a particular degree of cognitive impairment than those with lower CR, such as coping with decreased cerebral 18 F-uorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) metabolism [4][5][6][7][8], cortical thickness, or gray matter volume (GMV) atrophy [4,6,[9][10][11]; having more severe white matter damage [12,13]; and also primary AD pathologies such as greater amyloid-beta accumulation (Aβ) and increased tau deposition [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The protective impact of education on brain structure and function in Alzheimer’s Disease

Zhu

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The Cognitive Reserve (CR) theory posits that brains with higher reserve can cope with more cerebral damage to minimize clinical manifestations. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of education (CR proxy) on brain structure and function in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients and in cognitively healthy elderly (HC) individuals.Methods: Fifty-seven AD patients, 57 aMCI patients and 48 HCs were included to investigate the relationships between education years and gray matter volume (GMV), regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC) in brain regions to show associations with both structure and function. Taking the severity of the disease into account, we further assessed the relationships in AD stratified analyses.Results: In AD group, the GMV of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and ReHo in the left inferior temporal cortex (ITC) were inversely associated with education years, after adjustment for age, sex, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and total intracranial volume or head motion parameters. Seed-based FC analyses revealed that education years were negatively correlated with the FC between the left anterior ITC and left mid frontal cortex as well as right superior frontal cortex and right angular gyrus. Stratified analyses results indicated that this negative relation between education and GMV, ReHo, FC was mainly present in mild AD, which was attenuated in moderate AD and aMCI groups.Conclusions: Our results support the CR theory, and suggest that CR may be protective against AD related brain pathology at the early stage of clinical dementia. These findings could provide the locus of CR-related functional brain mechanisms and a specific time-window for therapeutic interventions to help AD patients to cope better with the brain pathological damage by increasing CR.

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Neural substrates of cognitive reserve in Alzheimer's disease spectrum and normal aging

Cited by 77 publications

References 88 publications

Emerging Concepts of Motor Reserve in Parkinson’s Disease

Emerging Concepts of Motor Reserve in Parkinson’s Disease

Functional Connectivity of Successful Picture-Naming: Age-Specific Organization and the Effect of Engaging in Stimulating Activities

The protective impact of education on brain structure and function in Alzheimer’s Disease

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