Neuro-psychopharmacogenetics and Neurological Antecedents of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Unlocking the Mysteries of Resilience and Vulnerability

Bowirrat, Abdalla; Chen, Thomas J H; Blum, Kenneth; Madigan, Margaret; Bailey, John; Chen, Amanda Lih Chuan; Downs, Bernard W.; Braverman, Eric R.; Shahien, Radi; Waite, Roger L.; Kerner, Mallory; Giordano, John; Morse, Siohban; Oscar‐Berman, Marlene; Gold, Mark S.

doi:10.2174/157015910793358123

Cited by 55 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Cortisol is stress-reactive and influences brain regions involved in memory processing (Bowirrat et al, 2010). It has therefore been widely studied in the context of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; APA, 1994).…”

Section: Biological Responses To Trauma and The Development Of Intrusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, while benefits of cortisol on treating and preventing PTSD have been suggested (Adinoff, Powell, & Greene, 2010;Bowirrat et al, 2010;Schelling et al, 2001Schelling et al, , 2004, further considerations suggest these benefits will not be universal. Although an increase in cortisol is associated with decreased vividness, it is also related to more frequent intrusions in some individuals (i.e., accelerators).…”

Section: Vividness Of Intrusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological responses to trauma and the development of intrusive memories: An analog study with the trauma film paradigm

Chou

Marca

Steptoe

et al. 2014

Biological Psychology

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Evidence suggests that previous trauma reduces the cortisol response to subsequent stressors. We examined the relation of this response to intrusive memory, and the potential moderating roles of sympathetic reactions. Pre-existing trauma-related factors and the cardiac defense response were assessed before 58 healthy participants viewed a trauma film. Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase (sAA) were collected pre-, peri- and post-film. Intrusive memories about the film were recorded for a week. Cortisol increased whereas sAA decreased after the film. Those with more recent traumatic experiences and greater subclinical PTSD symptoms had lower cortisol concentration post-film. Lower cortisol levels predicted greater vividness of intrusions. Positive correlations between cortisol and the frequency of intrusion were only present among individuals with more sympathetic activations. These findings suggest the contribution of insufficient cortisol secretion to over-consolidation of traumatic memory, and highlight the variation attributable to individual differences and different memory characteristics.

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Section: Biological Responses To Trauma and The Development Of Intrusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vividness Of Intrusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological responses to trauma and the development of intrusive memories: An analog study with the trauma film paradigm

Chou

Marca

Steptoe

et al. 2014

Biological Psychology

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“…Recent research studies offer a very complex picture of the neurobiological dynamic of PTSD. They focus on the exploration of different aspects of neurobiological changes in PTSD sufferers in regard to endocrinology, neurochemistry and brain circuitry and on the linkage that these changes might have to the clinical features of PTSD as hyperarousal, Impulsivity, dysregulated executive functions and memory (6,(8)(9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Neurobiology Of Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By using brain imaging techniques in research characteristic changes have been identified in the structure of certain brain areas that might be related to impaired functioning of PTSD sufferers (8,6). Especially the Hippocampus, the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula and orbitofrontal region (OFC) in the prefrontal Cortex (PFC) are affected.…”

Section: Brain Circuitry In Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiology of PTSD and implications for treatment: An overview

Sakellariou¹,

Stefanatou²

2017

Curr Res Integr Med

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T raumatic events accompany our everyday life in the form subjective painful losses and wounding: It may be the loss of a home pet, the loss of a job, robbery, a car accident, natural disasters, severe illness, the death of a beloved person, emotional neglect and abuse, betrayal, bullying, sexual abuse, rape, an earthquake, war, a terrorist attack. According to statistics one out of two persons will be exposed to a life-threatening event during lifetime (1). Some of them will be able to overcome this experience; some will be severely affected in the long term. Relevant studies indicate that about 7% of Americans have a prevalence to develop a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) at some point of their lives. According to statistical data men are more often exposed to traumatic events than women, but women are more likely to suffer from a PTSD disorder (2,3). Respective data for Greece are at this time not available. Nevertheless, the refugees' crisis we are facing as a hosting country arises the issue of PTSD to a first line social problem that we have to face in terms of policy measures and treatment options. How can Neurobiology contribute to the understanding of what happens in body and mind of a person suffering from PTSD? Can neurobiological findings reveal a new perspective in the treatment of PTSD beyond pharmacotherapy and classical psychotherapeutic approaches that might contribute to develop effective psychotherapeutic interventions? What does the experience of PTSD mean for the offspring of PTSD sufferers? From a traumatic experience to PTSDExtreme stressful situations in life are addressed by an instinctive "fight or flight" response in order to assure survival. Alerting sensory environmental information reaches the brain and enters the amygdala, the operation center of the brain in the case of extreme stressful situations that is responsible for the activation of the hypothalamic -pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). This activation produces multiple effects in body and mind in order for the individual to cope with the stressors. Via the SNS system the adrenal glands release hormones called catecholamines into the blood causing increased blood pressure, glucose levels and heart rate in order to support the body to "fight or fly". At the same time the hypothalamus, when stimulated releases neuropeptides that lead to the discharge of cortisol that binds the glucocorticoid receptors in the brain and reduces stress responses (4). Usually the stress response function contributes to the adaptation to threat and restores the homeostasis of the organism with an extinction of these reactions when stimuli are not present any more. Traumatic experiences are triggered by perceived overwhelming danger and are accompanied by intense feelings of fear, horror and helplessness. Such situations may lead to a dysregulation of the described underlying biological stress mechanisms known as the "fear circuitry" leading to stress related symptoms like PTSD. The state of chemical dysregul...

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“…[2] International Strategy of Disaster Reduction (Uluslararası Felaketleri Azaltma Stratejisi-ISDR), vulnerabiliteyi toplum veya bireyin felakete maruz kaldığında gelişen durumla baş edememe eğilimi olarak tanımlamıştır. [2] Ayrıca ISDR vulnerabiliteyi iç ve dış faktörler olarak iki ayrı grupta değerlen-dirmeyi tercih etmiştir. Dış faktörler; dış şoklar ve çevresel streslerle ilişkili iken iç faktörler travma ile baş edememe ile ilişkilidir.…”

Section: Vulnerabilite (Zedelenebilirlik) Ve Esneklikunclassified

Neuropeptide Y and Stress

Gülsün¹,

Tamam²

2012

Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychia

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ÖZETStres ve bireysel baş etme yetilerinin nörobiyolojik yönü birçok araştırmacının ilgi odağı olmuştur. Bir dizi çalışmada genetik değişkenler ile strese tepki düzeyleri ve yaşam olayları arasında bir ilişki olduğu gösterilmiştir. Nöropeptid Y stres esnekliğini düzenleyen sistemlerden biridir. Uzun süreli ya da tekrarlayan stres durumlarında nöropeptid Y beynin anahtar bölgelerinden salınır. Bu sistem stresle ilgili bozukluklara yatkınlığı farklı kişilerde farklı esneklikte işleyiş gösterir. Gen-çevre etkileşimleri için özellikle ilgi çekici olan strese duyarlı sinyal moleküllerini kodlayan genlerin değişimidir. Bu durum strese yatkınlığa ya da esnekliğe katkıda bulunabilir. Nöropeptid Y sistemi de strese davranışsal uyumda anahtar rol oynamaktadır. Nöropeptid Y düzeyinin azalmış olması tedaviye dirençli depresyonda ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğunda da gözlenmiştir. Düşük nöropeptid Y ekspresyonunun ya da strese yanıt olarak nöropeptid Y sisteminin yeterince işlevsel olmaması ve sonucunda ortaya çıkan stres esnekliğinin az olması stresle ilişkili bozukluklara yatkınlığı arttırabilmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Nöropeptid Y, stres, stres esnekliği ABSTRACTThe neurobiological aspects of stress and coping skills has been the focus of interest for many researchers. Some of the studies has shown that there is a significant relationship among genetically variables, stress response and life events. Neuropeptide Y is one of the systems regulating the stress response. Under the prolonged or repeated trauma neuropeptide Y is released from the brain's key areas. This system shows different levels of functioning in individuals with different levels of resilience. There is particular interest in the variations of genes that encode stress-sensitive signaling molecules during geneenvironment interaction. This condition may contribute to susceptibility of stress or stress resilience. Neuropeptide Y system plays a key role in the adaptation to behavioral stress. The reduced levels of neuropeptide Y have also been observed in treatment-resistant depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Lower level of neuropeptide Y expression and dysfunctional neuro-

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Neuro-psychopharmacogenetics and Neurological Antecedents of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Unlocking the Mysteries of Resilience and Vulnerability

Cited by 55 publications

References 109 publications

Biological responses to trauma and the development of intrusive memories: An analog study with the trauma film paradigm

Biological responses to trauma and the development of intrusive memories: An analog study with the trauma film paradigm

Neurobiology of PTSD and implications for treatment: An overview

Neuropeptide Y and Stress

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