Neuroanatomical correlation of behavioral deficits in the CCI model of TBI

A Novel Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using Focal Primary Overpressure Blast to the Cranium in Mice

“…10,11,[13][14][15][16][17]111,[115][116][117][119][120][121] These deficits, as reviewed in Osier and colleagues 122 and Thompson and coworkers, 123 can exceed those seen in our model, match them, or be more transient, depending on the severity of the impact. 10,11,124 For example, one of the least severe of these approaches, mild midline fluid percussion 1.4 atmosphere impact to the dura, produces TBI with little or no contusive injury to the brain, but causes optic nerve damage, similar to that in our TBI model. [125][126][127] Nonetheless, mild midline fluid percussion involves an open skull injury and thus does not mimic mild TBI in humans.…”

“…110 Comparison with open-skull rodent models Many studies have used lateral fluid percussion, weight drop, or controlled piston impact to the exposed dura in rats or mice, which causes necrotic brain destruction at the site of impact, thereby modeling severe TBI. 8,10,11,[13][14][15][16][17][18] In addition to the neuron loss at the impact site, these approaches commonly yield subdural hemorrhage, brain vascular damage, microglial activation, and axonal injury. 8,14,18,[111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118] Moreover, lateral fluid percussion can have a high mortality rate, and variation in the surgical preparation has yielded variable results between research groups.…”

“…These approaches thus model severe penetrating TBI rather than mild TBI. 8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Some researchers have used shock tubes to deliver compressed air blasts to the animal, to mimic blast-produced TBI. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] These models, however, are often accompanied by hypoxia and blood pressure surges resulting from compression of the lungs, heart, and aorta, which in turn damage brain blood vessels.…”

Performance of Male and Female C57BL/6J Mice on Motor and Cognitive Tasks Commonly Used in Pre-Clinical Traumatic Brain Injury Research

“…Chauhan and colleagues, however, reported anxiety-like behavior in the EPM at an earlier time point; 24-48 h postinjury. 73 It has been noted that data and conclusions regarding the effects of TBI on anxiety in rodents are inconsistent and that additional research is warranted. 74 In particular, further studies are needed to determine whether there is a time course postinjury for expression of anxiety-like behavior, whether different testing paradigms yield different conclusions, or whether reduced time in the center of the OF (increased thigmotaxis) is related to hyperlocomotion postinjury and possibly not indicative of increased anxiety at all.…”

The Effect of Injury Severity on Behavior: A Phenotypic Study of Cognitive and Emotional Deficits after Mild, Moderate, and Severe Controlled Cortical Impact Injury in Mice

“…The Morris water maze is the current gold standard for assessing hippocampal-dependent cognitive function, and has been used to show that cognitive deficits increase as a function of injury severity after CCI (Markgraf et al, 2001), and fluid percussion injury (Smith et al, 1991). Only recently have researchers begun investigating emotional problems such as anxiety (Chauhan et al, 2010;Hogg et al, 1998;Jones et al, 2008;Pandey et al, 2009;Schwarzbold et al, 2010;Zohar et al, 2011), and depression ( Jones et al, 2008;Milman et al, 2005Milman et al, ,2008Schwarzbold et al, 2010;Shapira et al, 2007) after experimental TBI, and they have found mixed results. Inconsistencies between studies may stem from differences in injury type and severity, behavioral tasks, and time between injury and evaluation.…”