Neuroanatomy of the Will

Sonne, James

doi:10.3390/neurosci3040044

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 38 publications

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“…Te cranial nerves (CN) are mainly considered components of the peripheral nervous system, except for the olfactory (CNI) and optic (CNII) nerves which emerge from the cerebrum and, on a structural level, are more considered part of the CNS. Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and mainly the regions of the head and neck, including senses [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cranial Nerve Affection in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Assessed by Corneal Confocal Microscopy, Smell and Taste Tests

Rasmussen

Thrysøe

et al. 2023

Pediatric Diabetes

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Aim. To determine whether adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have morphological changes of the corneal nerve fibers and reduced smell and taste function compared to healthy control subjects as a sign of cranial nerve affection and to evaluate possible associated risk factors for cranial nerve affection. Methods. The study was a part of the T1DANES study including 60 adolescents (15–<19 years) and 23 healthy age-matched controls. First, clinical and biochemical data on the participants were obtained, and the second step involved a test day with neurological examinations including corneal confocal microscopy (CCM), olfactory testing with Sniffin’ Sticks, and gustatory assessment with taste-drop test. Results. The adolescents with T1D (mean diabetes duration 9.8 years, mean HbA1c 61 mmol/mol) had lower CCM parameters (corneal nerve fiber density, corneal nerve branch density, corneal nerve fiber length, and corneal nerve fiber fractal dimension) compared to control subjects (all p < 0.05 ). No differences in total score for smell test ( p = 0.66 ) and taste test ( p = 0.47 ) were found, but adolescents with T1D had reduced ability to taste sweet ( p < 0.01 ). In total, 24% had two or more reduced CCM parameters, 12% had reduced smell test, and 23% had abnormal taste test. Higher waist to height ratio (WHtR) was the only risk factor found for reduced corneal nerve fiber density, and higher BMI-SDS and WHtR were found for impaired taste function. Having abnormal smell test increased the risk for having abnormal taste perception, and vice versa. Conclusion. Up to 29% of adolescents with T1D had abnormal test scores indicating cranial nerve affection. Lower corneal nerve fiber density and reduced ability to taste sweet were found in adolescents with T1D compared to control subjects. Clinical attention to smell and taste function seems important because it requires intervention for advising adolescents with impaired smell and taste function.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cranial Nerve Affection in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Assessed by Corneal Confocal Microscopy, Smell and Taste Tests

Rasmussen

Thrysøe

et al. 2023

Pediatric Diabetes

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Aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus protects against oxidative stress and misfiring of dopaminergic neurons in Paraquat-induced Parkinson’s disease-like model of adult Wistar rats

Enemali

Iteire

Uwejigho

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background of the study: Phyllanthus amarus has high nutritional value and is beneficial in managing and treating diverse ailments. This study assessed the role of aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus on Paraquat (PQ) induced neurotoxicity in the substantia nigra of Wistar rats. Materials and methods: The role of aqueous leaves extract of Phyllanthus amarus was assessed using an open field test (OFT) for motor activity, oxidative stress biomarkers [Catalase (CAT), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)], histological examination (H and E stained) for cytoarchitectural changes and immunohistochemical studies using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as a marker for dopaminergic neurons. Forty-two (42) rats were categorized into six groups (n = 7); group 1: control was administered 0.5 ml/kg distilled water, group 2: received 10 mg/kg PQ + 10 mg/kg L‑dopa as reference drug, group 3; received 10 mg/kg PQ, while group 4: received 10 mg/kg PQ + 200 mg/kg P. amarus, group 5: received 10 mg/kg PQ + 300 mg/kg P. amarus, and group 6: received 10 mg/kg PQ + 400 mg/kg P. amarus respectively, for 14 days. All administrations were done orally; a significant difference was set at p<0.05. Results and discussion: The study's open field test (OFT) revealed no motor activity deficit with Paraquat (PQ) exposure. Also, cytoarchitectural distortions were not observed with Paraquat (PQ) only treatment group compared to the control and other groups pretreated with P. amarus and L-dopa. Moreover, the Paraquat (PQ) only treatment group showed oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the antioxidant enzyme (SOD) compared to the control and L-dopa pretreated group. A significant decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing dopaminergic neurons was also observed in Paraquat (PQ) only treatment. However, P. amarus treatment showed therapeutic properties by significantly increasing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing dopaminergic neuron levels relative to control. Conclusion:Aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus possesses therapeutic properties against Paraquat (PQ) induced changes in the substantia nigra of Wistar rats.

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Neuroanatomy of the Will

Cited by 2 publications

References 38 publications

Cranial Nerve Affection in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Assessed by Corneal Confocal Microscopy, Smell and Taste Tests

Cranial Nerve Affection in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Assessed by Corneal Confocal Microscopy, Smell and Taste Tests

Aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus protects against oxidative stress and misfiring of dopaminergic neurons in Paraquat-induced Parkinson’s disease-like model of adult Wistar rats

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