Neurobiological Approaches on Brains of Children with Dyslexia

Çaylak, Emrah

doi:10.1016/j.acra.2009.02.012

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…The left parieto-temporal region is recruited during successful reading and supports the mapping of orthography onto phonology and phonological working memory (Vigneau et al, 2006), and this region has been repeatedly shown to be abnormal in dyslexia (Caylak, 2009; Habib, 2000; Maisog et al, 2008; Richlan et al, 2009). The contralateral right posterior brain system is thought to be important during development and parietal GM region is also often reduced in volume and activation level in dyslexia (Hoeft et al, 2007) with ‘normalization’ after successful intervention (Aylward et al, 2003; Eden et al, 2004; Meyler et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Maternal history of reading difficulty is associated with reduced language-related gray matter in beginning readers

et al. 2012

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Family history and poor preliteracy skills (referred to here as familial and behavioral risk, respectively) are critical predictors of developmental dyslexia. This study systematically investigated the independent contribution of familial and behavioral risks on brain structures, which had not been explored in past studies. We also examined the differential effects of maternal versus paternal history on brain morphometry, and familial risk dimensionally versus categorically, which were also novel aspects of the study. We assessed 51 children (5 to 6 years of age) with varying degrees of familial and behavioral risks for developmental dyslexia and examined associations with brain morphometry. We found that greater maternal history of reading disability was associated with smaller bilateral prefrontal and parieto-temporal grey, but not white matter volumes. Regressing out behavioral risk, socioeconomic status, and maternal education and other confounds did not change the results. No such relationship was observed for paternal reading history and behavioral risk. Results of cortical surface area and thickness further showed that there was a significant negative relationship between cortical surface area (but not thickness) and greater severity of maternal history, in particular within the left inferior parietal lobule, suggesting prenatal influence of maternal history on children’s brain morphometry. The results suggested greater maternal, possibly prenatal, influence on language-related brain structures. These results help to guide future neuroimaging research focusing on environmental and genetic influences and provide new information that may help predict which child will develop dyslexia in the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Maternal history of reading difficulty is associated with reduced language-related gray matter in beginning readers

et al. 2012

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“…Grigorenko, 2001), no specific brain structure or function (cf. Caylak, 2009;Eckert, 2004) and no specific psychometric test profile Ramus & Szenkovits, 2008;Wimmer & Schurz, 2010) that can serve as the ultimate diagnostic tool for developmental dyslexia. The main difference with the times of Galaburda and Kemper who in 1979 presented evidence for the anomalous cytoarchitecture in a post--mortem study of the brain of an adult developmental dyslexic reader, appears to be that now every proposed deficit comes with its own neural correlates, treatment program and often their own associated genetic anomalies as well (Grigorenko, 2001;Ramus, 2004).…”

Section: Lost In Empiarrhea: the Elusive Aetiology Of Developmental Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“So you confirmed, replicated and emptied your file-drawer… now what?” A Structural Realist’s Guide to Theory Evaluation in Psychological Science

Hasselman¹,

Seevinck²,

Cox³

2019

Preprint

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The papers in the special issue of PPS on the origins and possible resolution of the crisis of confidence in psychological science hardly mention the word theory. We argue that all the excellent suggestions to reform the discipline will be in vain if it does not begin a discussion about the way it evaluates and revises its theories. We diagnose theory evaluation as afflicted with three serious symptoms and provide exemplary examples from the scientific record of psychology to illustrate them. The first symptom is the interpretation fallacy, of which the very critical commentaries received by proponents of the complex systems approach about their efforts to study psychological phenomena, represent an exemplary case (e.g. Wagenmakers, van der Maas, & Farrell, 2012). The second is the empiricist’s blind-spot. We will discuss it in the context of the plethora of theories that have been posited by the psychological and life sciences about the ætiology of developmental dyslexia. We especially discuss the apparent inability of the huge empirical record of high quality behavioral, neuroscientific and genetic data to resolve any theoretical dispute (e.g. Ramus & Szenkovits, 2008). The third symptom is the Columbus delusion, of which the recent publication “There is nothing so theoretical as a good method” (Greenwald, 2012) is an excellent example. These symptoms are all related and pertain to the different roles ontology plays in scientific theorizing. Our critical diagnosis is not the end goal of this paper however, we respond to the call to device methods for strong inference (Fiedler, Kutzner, & Krueger, 2012) and provide a practical, but formal approach to theory evaluation known as Structural Realism (cf. Worrall, 1989). In three parts, our Structural Realist’s guide to theorizing about the universe will elaborate on how to deal with theoretical diversity and in the process cure psychological science of its ailment, ensuring it will remain the prime discipline for the scientific study of psychological phenomena in the future.

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“…Prior research in dyslexia examined cerebral volumetrics, functional activation, structural and functional connectivity in gray and/or white matter structures, but none has yet considered gray matter microstructure (Bailey, Hoeft, Aboud, & Cutting, 2016;Baillieux et al, 2009;Caylak, 2009;Cui, Xia, Su, Shu, & Gong, 2016;Elnakib et al, 2014;Finn et al, 2014;Frye et al, 2011;Lebel et al, 2013;Maisog, Einbinder, Flowers, Turkeltaub, & Eden, 2008;Paulesu, Danelli, & Berlingeri, 2014;Pollack, Luk, & Christodoulou, 2015;Rimrodt, Peterson, Denckla, Kaufmann, & Cutting, 2010;Tamboer, Scholte, & Vorst, 2015). Our results showed an alteration in gray matter microstructure in dyslexic subjects in several regions, with the most affected ones being the supramarginal gyrus (SMG), the occipito-parieto-temporal junction, the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the right hemisphere as well as the superior frontal gyrus (SFG), the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and the insula in the left hemisphere.…”

Section: Subcortical Gray Mattermentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects ofSYN1_Q555Xmutation on cortical gray matter microstructure

Cabana

Gilbert

Létourneau-Guillon

et al. 2018

Human Brain Mapping

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A new Q555X mutation on the SYN1 gene was recently found in several members of a family segregating dyslexia, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder. To describe the effects of this mutation on cortical gray matter microstructure, we performed a surface-based group study using novel diffusion and quantitative multiparametric imaging on 13 SYN1 mutation carriers and 13 age- and sex-matched controls. Specifically, diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and neurite orientation and dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) were used to analyze multi-shell diffusion data and obtain parametric maps sensitive to tissue structure, while quantitative metrics sensitive to tissue composition (T1, T2* and relative proton density [PD]) were obtained from a multi-echo variable flip angle FLASH acquisition. Results showed significant microstructural alterations in several regions usually involved in oral and written language as well as dyslexia. The most significant changes in these regions were lowered mean diffusivity and increased fractional anisotropy. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to successfully use diffusion imaging and multiparametric mapping to detect cortical anomalies in a group of subjects with a well-defined genotype linked to language impairments, epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

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Neurobiological Approaches on Brains of Children with Dyslexia

Cited by 23 publications

References 106 publications

Maternal history of reading difficulty is associated with reduced language-related gray matter in beginning readers

Maternal history of reading difficulty is associated with reduced language-related gray matter in beginning readers

“So you confirmed, replicated and emptied your file-drawer… now what?” A Structural Realist’s Guide to Theory Evaluation in Psychological Science

Effects ofSYN1_Q555Xmutation on cortical gray matter microstructure

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Neurobiological Approaches on Brains of Children with Dyslexia

Cited by 23 publications

References 106 publications

Maternal history of reading difficulty is associated with reduced language-related gray matter in beginning readers

Maternal history of reading difficulty is associated with reduced language-related gray matter in beginning readers

“So you confirmed, replicated and emptied your file-drawer… now what?” A Structural Realist’s Guide to Theory Evaluation in Psychological Science

Effects ofSYN1Q555Xmutation on cortical gray matter microstructure

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Effects ofSYN1_Q555Xmutation on cortical gray matter microstructure