Neurobiology of ADHD: A Review

Mehta, Tejas; Monegro, Alberto; Nene, Yash; Fayyaz, Muniba; Bollu, Pradeep C.

doi:10.1007/s40474-019-00182-w

Cited by 55 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…As a neurodevelopmental disorder, ADHD is known to be associated with neurobiological alterations in both brain structure and function. 3 This study focused on identifying neurobiological factors that could predict treatment response to medication in youth with ADHD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subcortical volumetric alterations as potential predictors of methylphenidate treatment response in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Kim

Lee

Hwang

et al. 2022

jpn

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Background: Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show structural alterations in the subcortical and dopaminergic regions of the brain. Methylphenidate is a first-line treatment for ADHD, and it is known to affect the subcortical and dopaminergic systems. The degree of pretreatment structural alterations in patients with ADHD may be an important factor in predicting methylphenidate treatment outcomes. The present study examined whether pretreatment volumetric alterations in the subcortical and dopaminergic regions predicted treatment response in youth with ADHD. Methods: This study included 67 youth with ADHD and 25 healthy controls. Youth with ADHD received 8 weeks of methylphenidate treatment. They completed baseline (pretreatment) T 1 -weighted structural MRI scans and under went clinical assessments before and after methylphenidate treatment. The healthy controls also completed baseline structural MRI scans. We assessed volumetric alterations using relative volumes (volume of each region of interest/intracranial volume). Results: Among 67 youth with ADHD, 44 were treatment responders and 23 were nonresponders based on post-treatment scores on the Clinical Global Impression Scale-Improvement. Nonresponders had larger volumes in the bilateral amygdala and right thalamus than responders. Nonresponders also had larger volumes in amygdalar subregions (i.e., the bilateral lateral nucleus and right basal nucleus) and hippocampal subregions (i.e., the right hippocampal head and right molecular layer) relative to responders. Limitations: We did not collect posttreatment structural T 1 -weighted images, so volumetric changes related to methylphenidate treatment in youth with ADHD were undetermined. Conclusion: These findings suggest that pretreatment volumetric alterations in subcortical regions may serve as biomarkers for predicting methylphenidate treatment response in youth with ADHD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subcortical volumetric alterations as potential predictors of methylphenidate treatment response in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Kim

Lee

Hwang

et al. 2022

jpn

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“…About 80% of the disease prevalence is dependent on the genetic factor, but the primary neurotransmitter catecholamine dysregulation plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of ADHD (Capusan et al., 2015; Rukmani et al., 2016). The numbers of evidence suggest the disturbing pattern of (DA) and (NE) are the primary cause of altered pathophysiology; hence, these neurotransmitters are needed to be studied most extensively (Mehta et al., 2019; Sigurdardottir et al., 2019). DA is usually associated with learning and motor functions (Bello et al., 2017), while NE regulates arousal, attention, and mood (Schwarz et al., 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Rahi

Kumar

2021

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by three primary symptoms hyperactivity, attention deficit, and impulsiveness, observed in both children and adults. In childhood, this disorder is more common in boys than in girls, and at least 75% will continue to suffer from the disorder until adulthood. Individuals with ADHD generally have poor academic, occupational, and social functioning resulting from developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity, as well as impaired ability to maintain attention on motivationally relevant tasks. Very few drugs available in clinical practice altogether abolish the symptoms of ADHD, therefore, to find new drugs and target it is essential to understand the neuropathological, neurochemical, and genetic alterations that lead to the progression of ADHD. With this contrast, an animal study is the best approach because animal models provide relatively fast invasive manipulation, rigorous hypothesis testing, as well as it provides a better angle to understand the pathological mechanisms involved in disease progression. Moreover, animal models, especially for ADHD, serve with good predictive validity would allow the assessment and development of new therapeutic interventions, with this aim, the present review collect the various animal models on a single platform so that the research can select an appropriate model to pursue his study.

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“…ADHD is characterized by complex alterations in the neurobiology and neurochemistry, with impaired dopamine and norepinephrine signaling being the most prominent ( 5 ). Previously, it was also demonstrated that altered glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in ADHD pathogenesis ( 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, it was also demonstrated that altered glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in ADHD pathogenesis ( 6 ). Therefore, unraveling the potential underlying mechanisms implicated in ADHD pathogenesis is essential for improving our understanding of the disorder and further development of management strategies ( 5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in serum amino acid profiles in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

et al. 2021

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the circulating serum amino acid levels in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A total of 71 children with untreated ADHD and 31 neurotypical controls aged 7-14 years old were examined. Serum amino acid levels were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-detection. Laboratory quality control was performed with reference materials of human plasma amino acid levels. The obtained data demonstrated that children with ADHD were characterized by 29, 10 and 20% lower serum histidine (His), glutamine (Gln) and proline (Pro) levels compared with neurotypical children, respectively. In contrast, circulating aspartate (Asp), glutamate (Glu) and hydroxyproline (Hypro) levels exceeded the respective control values by 7, 7 and 42%. Correspondingly, the Gln-to-Glu and Pro-to-Hypro ratios were 28% and 49%, respectively, lower in ADHD cases compared with the controls. Total Gln/Glu levels were also significantly lower in ADHD patients. No significant group differences were observed between the groups in the other amino acids analyzed, including phenylalanine. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed significant associations between circulating serum Gln, lysine (Lys) (both negative) and Glu (positive) levels with total ADHD Rating Scale-IV scores. The observed alterations in Pro/Hypro and Gln/Glu levels and ratios are likely associated with the coexisting connective tissue pathology and alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission in ADHD, respectively. Altered circulating levels of His, Lys and Asp may also be implicated in ADHD pathogenesis. However, further in vivo and in vitro studies are required in order to investigate the detailed mechanisms linking amino acid metabolism with ADHD pathogenesis.

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Neurobiology of ADHD: A Review

Cited by 55 publications

References 72 publications

Subcortical volumetric alterations as potential predictors of methylphenidate treatment response in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Subcortical volumetric alterations as potential predictors of methylphenidate treatment response in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Animal models of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Alterations in serum amino acid profiles in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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