Neurobiology of Value Integration: When Value Impacts Valuation

Park, Soyoung Q.; Kahnt, Thorsten; Rieskamp, Jörg; Heekeren, Hauke R.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4973-10.2011

Cited by 120 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…We find value is represented in the central OFC (see SI Discussion on localization). This finding is in line with a large number of animal recording (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) and human imaging studies (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36). Because we used a noninstrumental task with both appetitive and aversive outcomes, our results extend and inform these findings in several ways.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Disentangling neural representations of value and salience in the human brain

Kahnt

Park

Haynes

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

156

133

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A large body of evidence has implicated the posterior parietal and orbitofrontal cortex in the processing of value. However, value correlates perfectly with salience when appetitive stimuli are investigated in isolation. Accordingly, considerable uncertainty has remained about the precise nature of the previously identified signals. In particular, recent evidence suggests that neurons in the primate parietal cortex signal salience instead of value. To investigate neural signatures of value and salience, here we apply multivariate (pattern-based) analyses to human functional MRI data acquired during a noninstrumental outcome-prediction task involving appetitive and aversive outcomes. Reaction time data indicated additive and independent effects of value and salience. Critically, we show that multivoxel ensemble activity in the posterior parietal cortex encodes predicted value and salience in superior and inferior compartments, respectively. These findings reinforce the earlier reports of parietal value signals and reconcile them with the recent salience report. Moreover, we find that multivoxel patterns in the orbitofrontal cortex correlate with value. Importantly, the patterns coding for the predicted value of appetitive and aversive outcomes are similar, indicating a common neural scale for appetite and aversive values in the orbitofrontal cortex. Thus orbitofrontal activity patterns satisfy a basic requirement for a neural value signal.reward | punishment | decision-making | attention | MVPA T he value of predictive cues can be used to guide approachavoidance behavior. Approach and avoidance responses are proportional to the appetitive (positive) and aversive (negative) value of the cues, respectively. On the other hand, based on empirical and theoretical considerations (1-3) the absolute value (i.e., the salience) of a cue determines the amount of attention that a stimulus captures to facilitate further processing. Hence, in contrast to value, salience increases not only with the magnitude of reward but also with the magnitude of punishment (4, 5).Electrophysiological recordings in animals suggest that value is encoded in the firing rates of posterior parietal and orbitofrontal neurons (6-18). A large body of evidence from human imaging studies also suggests signatures of appetitive value in these regions (19-36). However, value and salience are perfectly correlated when appetitive stimuli are investigated in isolation (37). That is, if a signal increases with increasing reward, we need to know how it behaves with increasing punishments to decide whether it is coding for value or salience. Specifically, if the signal decreases with increasing punishment, it truly reflects value. However, if the signal also increases with increasing punishment, it reflects salience (Fig. 1C). Thus, value signals identified using only appetitive (or only aversive) stimuli could be explained equally well in terms of value or salience.Indeed, neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), which have long been thought to signal ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…A large body of evidence from human imaging studies also suggests signatures of appetitive value in these regions (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36). However, value and salience are perfectly correlated when appetitive stimuli are investigated in isolation (37).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disentangling neural representations of value and salience in the human brain

Kahnt

Park

Haynes

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

156

133

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“…At the neural level, the alcohol-approach bias interaction of drink type (alcohol vs soft drinks) Â movement (approach vs avoid) was associated with stronger brain response in both the NAcc and mPFC, areas that have previously been shown to have a role in alcohol cue reactivity, reward processing, and the motivational value of stimuli Hare et al, 2009;Heinz et al, 2009;Kahnt et al, 2010;Park et al, 2011). Here we show that these areas are more active in patients vs controls while approaching vs avoiding alcohol cues, relative to soft-drink cues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…However, despite the evidence for fronto-limbic involvement in drugcue reactivity, the precise role of these areas remains unclear. The NAcc, mPFC, and amygdala have been associated with bottom-up motivational aspects of cue reactivity (Braus et al, 2001;Hare et al, 2009;Heinz et al, 2009;Wrase et al, 2007), reward processing Koob and Volkow, 2010;Park et al, 2011), subjective drug craving, and relapse (Beck et al, 2012;Childress et al, 1999;Grusser et al, 2004;Hayashi et al, 2013;Heinz et al, 2004;Volkow et al, 2004). The dlPFC has been shown to be structurally and functionally impaired in drug addiction, and may be related to suboptimal cognitive control (Baler and Volkow, 2006;Bechara, 2005;Hayashi et al, 2013;Jentsch and Taylor, 1999;Park et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Correlates of Alcohol-Approach Bias in Alcohol Addiction: the Spirit is Willing but the Flesh is Weak for Spirits

Wiers

Stelzel

Park

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

125

115

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Behavioral studies have shown an alcohol-approach bias in alcohol-dependent patients: the automatic tendency to faster approach than avoid alcohol compared with neutral cues, which has been associated with craving and relapse. Although this is a well-studied psychological phenomenon, little is known about the brain processes underlying automatic action tendencies in addiction. We examined 20 alcohol-dependent patients and 17 healthy controls with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while performing an implicit approach-avoidance task. Participants pushed and pulled pictorial cues of alcohol and soft-drink beverages, according to a contentirrelevant feature of the cue (landscape/portrait). The critical fMRI contrast regarding the alcohol-approach bias was defined as (approach alcohol4avoid alcohol)4(approach soft drink4avoid soft drink). This was reversed for the avoid-alcohol contrast: (avoid alcohol4approach alcohol)4(avoid soft drink4approach soft drink). In comparison with healthy controls, alcohol-dependent patients had stronger behavioral approach tendencies for alcohol cues than for soft-drink cues. In the approach, alcohol fMRI contrast patients showed larger blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex, regions involved in reward and motivational processing. In alcohol-dependent patients, alcohol-craving scores were positively correlated with activity in the amygdala for the approach-alcohol contrast. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was not activated in the avoid-alcohol contrast in patients vs controls. Our data suggest that brain regions that have a key role in reward and motivation are associated with the automatic alcoholapproach bias in alcohol-dependent patients.

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“…It converts the incoming sense data into a "common currency" for evaluation, puts it into context, and then ranks the resulting "relative subjective values" so as to allow disparate information to be compared Montague and Berns 2002;Park et al 2011).This results in winner-takes-all outcomes. If no action is required, the highest score of the winner-takes-all "auction" determines what captures the brain's immediate attention.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Body, Its Emotions, the Self, and Consciousness

Boyd¹

2012

pbm

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This article proposes a means for better understanding the self and consciousness. Data indicate that the basic "emotional brain" continually computes potential survival risk against reward to rank consequent "emotion scores" for all sensory inputs. These scores compete to yield winner-takes-all outcomes that determine the choice of attention or action. This mechanism prevails regardless of whether the competing options gain their emotion scores through a rational or an intuitive pathway. There is no need to postulate any homunculus or inner self in control of such choice; indeed, our belief in a first-person self in overall control is wrong.The self is a passive construct arising from each individual's social development, where language acquisition vastly heightens communication and awareness not only outwardly, but also inwardly, as if to a controlling "inner I." However, when society comes to hold the maturing being accountable for his or her actions, the brain must respond, and it does so in the only way it can, by deeming that this passive, inner self-construct act as if it were the active self in charge. Consciousness emerges when the language-based output of the higher brain is referred for ownership to this artificial self-construct. Recently I was trying to explain to an intelligent woman the problem of trying to understand

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Neurobiology of Value Integration: When Value Impacts Valuation

Cited by 120 publications

References 61 publications

Disentangling neural representations of value and salience in the human brain

Disentangling neural representations of value and salience in the human brain

Neural Correlates of Alcohol-Approach Bias in Alcohol Addiction: the Spirit is Willing but the Flesh is Weak for Spirits

The Body, Its Emotions, the Self, and Consciousness

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