Neuroendocrine and metabolic responses of Pacific whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei exposed to hypoxia stress

Abstract

Neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in crustacean stress response are different and less understood than those of vertebrates. Although indirect evidence suggests the participation of catecholamines (CA), few studies have analyzed their levels during stress response in crustaceans. This study examined CA levels in hemolymph and tissue of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei besides other biochemical indicators in response to hypoxia (0.8-1.0 mg L -1 ). Shrimp were stressed by hypoxia exposure, and their responses were analyzed at several intervals (10-480 min). Hemolymph glucose levels decreased gradually due to a higher demand not compensated by the gluconeogenesis process from hepatopancreas or muscle after 10 min. Lactate levels in hemolymph showed a 5-fold increase after 10 min, and a correlation with CA levels in hemolymph was observed suggesting its possible role in signaling catecholaminergic activation from eyestalk in a period from 10 to 120 min. Protein levels in muscle and hepatopancreas increased gradually throughout the trial indicating the possible use of another energetic substrate as arginine phosphate. A decrease in triacylglyceride levels denotes its preferential utilization as an immediate energy source in the scape response during the first minutes of hypoxia exposure. Heart adrenaline and noradrenaline levels increased rapidly at the beginning of the trial showing a correlation with the use of triacylglycerides and carbohydrates in hepatopancreas and muscle (r = 0.89 and r = 0.93, P ˂ 0.05, respectively). This manuscript reports evidence of CA participation in response to stress due to hypoxia and discusses possible adaptation mechanisms.

Air Exposure Affects Physiological Responses, Innate Immunity, Apoptosis and DNA Methylation of Kuruma Shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus

“…During hypoxia, crustaceans utilize anaerobic glycolysis to satisfy their energy requirements, thus accumulating lactate (Soñanez-Organis et al, 2010;Dunbar et al, 2017;Valère-Rivet et al, 2019). For the early stages of air exposure, the lactate concentrations remained elevated through 2.5 and 5 h postexposure, which were consistent with the results of Abe et al (Abe et al, 2007;Aparicio-Simón et al, 2018). Subsequently, the comprehensive metabolic system of the shrimp was severely affected, and part of the lactic acid was converted into glucose to maintain homeostasis and the energy supply, thus reducing the lactic acid content.…”

Metabolomics investigation of molecular responses of whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) to hypoxia

“…In shrimp, accumulation of lactic acid has been recorded during out of water storage stress [45] and elevated temperatures [46]. Interestingly, increases of lactic acid due to hypoxia have been recently reported in M. nipponense [29] and P. vannamei [6,7,47,48]. In addition to lactic acid, other metabolites, such as succinic acid, alanine and volatile fatty acids are also anaerobic end-products in invertebrates [49][50][51].…”

Revisión sobre la estructura, funcionamiento e histología del sistema cardiovascular de los crustáceos penaeidos

“…Las funciones cardíacas responden, entonces, a diferentes reguladores, los cuales actúan por medios hormonales, químicos y nerviosos, variando en función los estímulos internos, entre los cuales se tiene: el estadío de desarrollo, la edad y el tamaño del organismo. Así como a estímulos externos, que actúan como las fuentes de estrés, entre éstos, la temperatura y el oxígeno disuelto (McMahon et al 2002;Guadagnoli et al 2011;Aparicio-Simón et al 2018;Weineck et al 2018).…”

“…Cabe mencionar que los valores expuestos se tomaron de organismos conservados bajo condiciones óptimas. Estos animales, al someterse a estrés, como el generado por niveles bajos de oxígeno o cambios drásticos de temperatura, presentan alteraciones en el control y funcionamiento del sistema cardiovascular, el cual puede modificarse, al generar efectos como: bradicardia, hipotensión arterial, cambios en los volúmenes de hemolinfa impulsados y en la resistencia periférica arterial (McMahon et al 2002;Guadagnoli et al 2011;Ern et al 2015;Aparicio-Simón et al 2018;Weineck et al 2018). Estos ajustes fisiológicos tendrían la finalidad de reducir el gasto energético realizado por el corazón, lo cual, a su vez, representa una ventaja para estos animales en casos de hipoxia (Guadagnoli et al 2011).…”

“…El sometimiento a estrés, por hipoxia, provoca otras modificaciones, incluyendo variaciones en las concentraciones de neurohormonas como: dopamina, octopamina y serotonina; así como cambios en los metabolitos presentes en la hemolinfa. Por ejemplo, durante las hipoxias, se generan reducciones de los niveles de glucosa circulante e incrementos en los niveles de lactato (Aparicio-Simón et al 2018;Weineck et al 2018).…”