Neuroendocrine–immune interactions in fish: a role for interleukin-1

Engelsma, Marc; Huising, Mark O.; Muiswinkel, W.B. van; Flik, G.; Kwang, Jimmy; Savelkoul, H.F.J.; Kemenade, B.M.L. Verburg-van

doi:10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00077-6

Cited by 153 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Stressors effects on the immune system have mainly been attributed to elevated levels of cortisol, and there is a huge complexity in the interactions between the immune-and endocrine system, which is most likely governed by a bi-directional communication between HPI-Axis and immune system (Wendelaar Bonga 2011; Pérez-Casanova et al 2010; Stolte et al 2008;Fast et al 2008;Engelsma et al 2002). In the current experiment baseline level of plasmacortisol in the "vaccine and stress" group was elevated week 1 and 2 after second vaccination, which after it returned back to pre-stress levels (and similar to the control group).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Iversen

Eliassen

2013

Fish Physiol Biochem

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The experiment consisted of three experimental groups; 1) "vaccine and stress", 2) "stress and vaccine" and 3) control. All groups have previously been vaccinated 6 months prior to the start of the experiment. At the start of the experiment the "vaccine and stress" group was vaccinated with Pentium Forte Plus for the second time (25.02.2008), and then given a daily stressor (crowding stressor, 267 kg m-3 in 15 min) for a period of four weeks. The "stress and vaccine" group was given a similar daily stressor for four weeks, and then vaccinated for the second time. The control group was neither stressed nor vaccinated a second time. The results indicates that a fish in the "stress and vaccine" group enters an allostatic overload type 2 due to oversensitivity to ACTH, a reduced efficient negative feedback system, with elevated baseline levels of plasma cortisol, and reduced immune response with pronounced effects on the wellbeing of the animal. The "vaccine and stress" group entered an allostatic overload type 1 response, with oversensitivity to ACTH and transient reduced efficient negative feedback system, but at the end of the experiment the fish had recovered. This study shows that if plasma cortisol becomes elevated prior to vaccination it could instigate an allostatic overload type 2 with dire consequences on animal welfare. To reduce the risk of compromising the animal welfare during commercial vaccination of salmon one propose to grade the fish minimum a week prior to vaccination, or grade simultaneously with vaccination. This could reduce the overall allostatic load during handling and vaccination, and secure a healthy fish, with intact immune response and improved animal welfare.3

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Iversen

Eliassen

2013

Fish Physiol Biochem

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“…In higher mammalian, IRF-1 expression can be stimulated by LPS with a time-and concentrationdependent pattern in different cell types, although the regulated mechanisms are different [40][41][42]. In fish, LPS stimulates the polyclonal proliferation of lymphocytes, induces an acute-phase hypoferremic response and has an influence on cytokine secretion [43,44], but no work has been carried out on LPS-stimulated induction of IRF-1. Our results show LPS upregulates the expression of EcIRF-1 in tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of interferon regulatory factor-1 from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

et al. 2009

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Interferon-regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) is the first member of IRF family, which is involved in many biological processes such as immune response, antiviral defense, cell growth regulation, and apoptosis. In this study, an IRF-1 gene, EcIRF-1, was isolated and characterized from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The full-length cDNA of EcIRF-1 is 1,730 bp, including an open reading frame of 906 bp, a 5 0 -terminal untranslated region (5 0 -UTR) of 153 bp, and a 3 0 -UTR of 671 bp. The EcIRF-1 gene consists of 10 exons and 9 introns, spanning over approximate 4.3 kb of genomic sequence. The 5 0 -UTR sequence contains an exon and an intron, and the 3 0 -UTR sequence is included in the last exon. Expression analysis by real-time PCR reveals that the EcIRF-1 gene is ubiquitously expressed in various healthy fish tissues, whereas its expression is upregulated in vivo in response to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid or lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Subcellular localization analysis shows the EcIRF-1 is an intranuclearly localized and immobile protein in the cultured fish cells. Data presented in this paper provide an important base to further understand EcIRF-1 gene function and its regulation associated with interferon immune system in orange-spotted grouper.

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“…Cytokines and acute phase proteins are key mediators of the innate immune response and their expression is a key marker of immune function (Engelsma, 2002). A key finding from this study was that LPS-mediated upregulation of cytokines, including IL-1b and IL-8 were observed in both the fed and fasted Arctic charr.…”

Section: Innate Immune Modulationmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…It is well established that pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1b and IL-8, are expressed in salmonids during the early phases of an infection, thereby initiating a strong innate inflammatory response (Sigh et al, 2004;Engelsma, 2002). While most studies in fish have examined the inflammatory response using immune cells, recent studies also alluded to immunostimulation of extra immune-related tissues, including red blood cells and hepatocytes (Morera et al, 2011;Philip et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was carried out by comparing the molecular immune response in the liver, a metabolically active tissue, and spleen, a well established tissue model for immune studies (Stolte et al, 2008), in response to LPS (a well-established immunostimulant; Engelsma, 2002;MacKenzie et al, 2006;Fast et al, 2007) stimulation between fed and fasted anadromous Arctic charr. As markers of the inflammatory response, we measured the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1b and IL-8 as well as the three isoforms of SOCS, SOCS-1, SOCS-2 and SOCS-3, while SAA was used as an indicator of the acute phase response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Tissue-specific molecular immune response to lipopolysaccharide challenge in emaciated anadromous Arctic charr

Philip

Jørgensen

Maule³

et al. 2014

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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Neuroendocrine–immune interactions in fish: a role for interleukin-1

Cited by 153 publications

References 97 publications

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Identification and characterization of interferon regulatory factor-1 from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

Tissue-specific molecular immune response to lipopolysaccharide challenge in emaciated anadromous Arctic charr

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