Neurogaming in Virtual Reality: A Review of Video Game Genres and Cognitive Impact

GomezRomero-Borquez, Jesus; Del-Valle-Soto, Carolina; Del-Puerto-Flores, J. Alberto; Briseño, Ramon A.; Varela-Aldás, José

doi:10.3390/electronics13091683

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…The foundational skills of coding and problem-solving, cultivated in early video games, have propelled the development of increasingly intricate and sophisticated gaming experiences. This advancement in the industry has led to the emergence of serious games (SGs) as mechanisms for skill development and enhancing learning or cognitive processes [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electroencephalography (EEG), utilized to classify players' expertise levels by analyzing brain activity, significantly enhances video game design. The EEG device MUSE 2, employed in various studies [1][2][3]19], records brain waves in specific regions like AF7, AF8, TP9, and TP10, each associated with distinct cognitive functions: AF7 and AF8, located in the frontal and temporal lobes, respectively, are involved in attention, language, and memory processes, while TP9 and TP10, in the parietal region, relate to visuospatial and sensory functions. Concurrently, the study of brain waves and their correlation with mental activities like problem-solving constitutes an active and complex area of research within neuroscience and cognitive neuroscience, wherein the brain engages in multiple cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, decision making, and reasoning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implications for Serious Game Design: Quantification of Cognitive Stimulation in Virtual Reality Puzzle Games through MSC and SpEn EEG Analysis

GomezRomero-Borquez,

Del-Valle-Soto,

Del-Puerto-Flores

et al. 2024

Electronics

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This paper investigates the cognitive stimulation experienced by players engaging in virtual reality (VR) puzzle games through the analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) data. The study employs magnitude-square coherence (MSC) and spectral entropy (SpEn) metrics to quantify neural activity patterns associated with problem-solving processes during gameplay. Results reveal unique coherence and entropy profiles across different VR gaming tasks, with Tetris gameplay eliciting heightened coherence and entropy values compared to other games. Specifically, Tetris demonstrates increased coherence between frontal and temporal brain regions, indicative of enhanced visuospatial processing and decision making. These findings underscore the importance of considering both spectral coherence and entropy when assessing the cognitive effects of video game tasks on brain activity. Insights from this study may inform the design of serious VR games aimed at promoting cognitive development and problem-solving skills in players.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications for Serious Game Design: Quantification of Cognitive Stimulation in Virtual Reality Puzzle Games through MSC and SpEn EEG Analysis

GomezRomero-Borquez,

Del-Valle-Soto,

Del-Puerto-Flores

et al. 2024

Electronics

Self Cite

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Enhancing Player Experience in a First-Person Shooter with Dynamic Audio Cue Adjustment Based on Gaussian Progress Regression

Li,

Xia,

Gursesli

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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This paper analyzes the experience of first-person shooter (FPS) players when game difficulty is adjusted by personalizing their audio cue settings, considering the balance between player performance, modeled using Gaussian process regression (GPR), and prior data serving as designer preference. In addition, we investigate why player experience changes according to in-game audio cues. Previous studies have proposed various dynamic difficulty adjustment (DDA) methods for FPS games. However, few studies have considered the role of audio cues in the player experience. This paper compares the player experience of personalized enemy audio cue volume settings (GPR-DDA) with that of predetermined settings in an FPS game. Two comprehensive experimental phases, involving 80 participants, are conducted to assess the efficacy of GPR-DDA. The experience of our players is measured using questions taken from the Game User Experience Satisfaction Scale (GUESS) questionnaire and a final survey asking for their open-ended feedback. A large language model (LLM) is used to analyze the natural language expressions of the players according to their native languages. To ensure the LLM effectively assists a limited number of qualified human evaluators in classifying player responses, we have developed an original procedure for this task. The GUESS results show that GPR-DDA can improve the player experience. In addition, the high consistency in the classification results over multiple runs of the selected LLM, as well as the similarity between its results and those of our human evaluators, reflects the reliability of the proposed LLM-assisted procedure.

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Effects of a Virtual Reality Game With Leap Motion Controller on Brain Activity Related to Attentional Function in Healthy Adults - A Pilot EEG Study

Annaka,

Hiraoka,

Nomura

2024

Cureus

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Objective Virtual reality (VR) games with the Leap Motion Controller (LMC) are used in clinical practice for cognitive rehabilitation to improve attentional function. However, the effects of VR games using the LMC on brain activity related to attentional function have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of a VR game with the LMC on brain activity related to attentional function. Methods This single-arm study included 15 healthy adults (mean age, 23.2 ± 0.9 years; seven females) and analyzed their electroencephalography (EEG) findings. We measured event-related potentials (ERPs) before and after the VR game with the LMC, and the α, θ, and β values during the VR game with the LMC. EEG measurements were based on the international 10-20 system, with dish electrodes placed at F3, F4, Fz, C3, C4, Cz, P3, P4, Pz, O1, and O2 using EEG caps. For statistical analysis, the N1 peak amplitudes before and after the VR game were compared using paired t-tests. In addition, the average amplitudes of α, θ, and β at 10-20 ms and 280-290 ms during the VR game were compared using paired t-tests only for positions that showed significant changes in the N1 peak amplitude before and after the VR game. Results After the VR game, the N1 peak amplitude was significantly greater at the F4 (pre: -4.51 ± 3.49 μV, post: -6.31 ± 2.60 μV, P = 0.010), Fz (pre: -4.68 ± 2.85 μV, post: -6.29 ± 2.17 μV, P = 0.033), and C4 (pre: -4.43 ± 3.94 μV, post: -6.24 ± 2.56 μV, P = 0.015) positions. During the VR game, the average amplitude of α at the F4 position (during a VR game of 10-20 ms: 7.86 ± 1.33 μV; during a VR game of 280-290 ms: 9.40 ± 2.69 μV, P = 0.010) was significantly higher at 280-290 ms. Conclusions The N1 peak amplitude, meaning selective attention, in F4, Fz, and C4 and the amplitude of α, meaning control interference of unwanted stimuli in a task, in F4 were increased in the post-VR game using LMC. VR games using the LMC may contribute to improvements in attentional function. Further studies are required to assess their applications in cognitive rehabilitation.

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Neurogaming in Virtual Reality: A Review of Video Game Genres and Cognitive Impact

Cited by 3 publications

References 82 publications

Implications for Serious Game Design: Quantification of Cognitive Stimulation in Virtual Reality Puzzle Games through MSC and SpEn EEG Analysis

Implications for Serious Game Design: Quantification of Cognitive Stimulation in Virtual Reality Puzzle Games through MSC and SpEn EEG Analysis

Enhancing Player Experience in a First-Person Shooter with Dynamic Audio Cue Adjustment Based on Gaussian Progress Regression

Effects of a Virtual Reality Game With Leap Motion Controller on Brain Activity Related to Attentional Function in Healthy Adults - A Pilot EEG Study

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