Neurogenesis in the Adult Hippocampus

Kempermann, Gerd; Gage, Fred H.

doi:10.1002/0470870834.ch14

Cited by 183 publications

(121 citation statements)

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“…rostral migratory stream) prema olfaktornom bulbusu (OB) (slika 4a), gdje sazrijevaju u olfaktorne neurone u većine sisavaca 10 . Istraživanja adultne neurogeneze daleko su opsežnija u sisavaca, ponajviše glodavaca, u odnosu na ona u čovjeka, no unatoč tome ipak postoji dovoljno dokaza o stvaranju novih neurona u ljudskom mozgu, posebice u hipokampusu 15,16 . Razlog malom broju istraživanja na ljudskom mozgu je etičke prirode te su iz tog razloga laboratorijske životinje daleko pristupačnije za istraživanje.…”

Section: Adultna Neurogenezaunclassified

Untitled

2017

Med. flum.

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Sažetak. Donedavno se smatralo da se živčane stanice prestaju dijeliti u ranoj postnatalnoj ži-votnoj dobi, no posljednjih 20 godina mnoga istraživanja na tom polju dokazala su suprotno. Neurogeneza u odraslom mozgu dokazana je u većine sisavaca, uključujući i čovjeka. Proces se u fiziološkim uvjetima spontano odvija pretežno u dvjema germinativnim regijama u mozgu u kojima se nalaze neuralne matične stanice; u subgranularnoj zoni dentatne vijuge hipokampusa te subventrikularnoj zoni lateralnog ventrikula. Neuralne matične stanice u njima imaju veću sposobnost proliferacije i diferencijacije prema novim budućim neuronima, astrocitima i oligodendrocitima u odnosu na neuralne matične stanice drugih područja živčanog sustava. Sposobnost proliferacije i regeneracije koju ove dvije "niše" posjeduju ima važnu ulogu u prilagodbi mozga na vanjske podražaje tijekom odrastanja i sazrijevanja, što se naziva plastičnošću mozga. Germinativne "niše" u mozgu su specifičan mikrookoliš u kojem se uskom interakcijom specifič-nih proneurogenetskih čimbenika i rezidentnih neuralnih matičnih stanica te krvožilja stvaraju strogo kontrolirani uvjeti koji omogućuju proliferaciju, diferencijaciju, migraciju i sazrijevanje neuroblasta ili glioblastate preživljenje i integraciju novonastalih neurona i glijalnih stanica u postojeće sinaptičke mreže u mozgu. U slučaju narušavanja homeostaze tih i drugih germinativna središta u mozgu, dolazi do pojave raznih psihoneuroloških poremećaja. Boljim razumijevanjem funkcioniranja germinativnih mikrookoliša u mozgu otvaraju se nove mogućnosti u neuroznanosti u pravcu manipuliranja adultnom neurogenezom potičući stvaranje neurona de novo te na taj način liječenja spomenutih psihoneuroloških poremećaja.Ključne riječi: adultna neurogeneza; neuralne matične stanice; subgranularna zona; subventrikularna zona Abstract. Tillrecently was assumed that neural cells stop dividing in early postnatal period of life, but last two decades large ammount ofresearches on that field proved contrary. There are evidences confirming existance of adult neurogenesis in most mammalian species, including humans.This process occurs spontaneouslyin physiological termsin two germinal brain regionscontaining neural stem cells; in subgranular zone of hippocampal dentate gyrus and subventricular zone of lateral ventricule.Neural stem cells in this germinal regions posses higher proliferative and differential capacity toward new future neurons, astrocytes and oligidendrocytes than neural stem cells from other regions in nervous system. Proliferative and regenerative power of this two niches has important role in brain adjustment to exterior stimuli during life which is called neuroplasticity. Germinal niches in brain are specific microenvironment in which close interaction of specific proneurogenic factors and resident neural stem cells and blood vessels form strictly controled conditions providing neuroblast and glioblast proliferation, differentiation, migration andmaturation and also survival and integration of newly created neu...

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Section: Adultna Neurogenezaunclassified

Untitled

2017

Med. flum.

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“…In contrast to the large distances that neuroblasts have to overcome from SVZ to reach their destination -the olfactory bulbs, granular neurons of the dentate gyrus are formed directly in the subgranular area and move on a small distance from SVZ to a layer of granular cells (Fig. 2, A) [24].…”

Section: Anatomy Of Subgranular Zone Of Dentate Gyrusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These cells usually direct their apical process to the molecular layer and contact with a compulsory component of neurogenic niches -blood vessels (Fig. 2, A, B) [24,56].…”

Section: Anatomy Of Subgranular Zone Of Dentate Gyrusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cells type 2 express both glial (nestyn) and neuronal (markers DCX, PSA-NCAM) [53]. Cells type 2 are divided into two subtypes, both nestyn positive, one negative (type 2a) and the other positive (type 2b) to immature neuronal marker doublecortin (DCX) [5,24].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Cells type 2 produce slow-proliferating neuroblasts (cells 3 type), which express neuronal markers (DCX, PSA-NCAM, NeuroD, Prox1) and do not express glial markers, indicating the exit from the cell cycle and the beginning of neuronal development [24,42]. At this stage it is the end for radial cell migration to the granular layer and orientation of cells type 3 processes changes from horizontal to vertical.…”

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confidence: 99%

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