Neuroimaging of Toxic and Metabolic Disorders

Arora, Ashish; Neema, Mohit; Stankiewicz, James; Guss, Zachary D.; Guss, Jason G.; Prockop, Leon D.; Bakshi, Rohit

doi:10.1055/s-0028-1083684

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…It has emerged as the pre-eminent imaging modality for visualizing neurological diseases in the central nervous system, because it can distinguish gray and white matter, zones of demyelination, and brain edema [83,88]. The distinction between gray and white matter lesions is crucial because gray matter is more vulnerable to anoxic or ischemic insults due to its higher metabolic demands for oxygen and glucose [89].…”

Section: Diagnostic Approaches For Toxic Encephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic Encephalopathy

Kim

2012

Safety and Health at Work

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This article schematically reviews the clinical features, diagnostic approaches to, and toxicological implications of toxic encephalopathy. The review will focus on the most significant occupational causes of toxic encephalopathy. Chronic toxic encephalopathy, cerebellar syndrome, parkinsonism, and vascular encephalopathy are commonly encountered clinical syndromes of toxic encephalopathy. Few neurotoxins cause patients to present with pathognomonic neurological syndromes. The symptoms and signs of toxic encephalopathy may be mimicked by many psychiatric, metabolic, inflammatory, neoplastic, and degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Thus, the importance of good history-taking that considers exposure and a comprehensive neurological examination cannot be overemphasized in the diagnosis of toxic encephalopathy. Neuropsychological testing and neuroimaging typically play ancillary roles. The recognition of toxic encephalopathy is important because the correct diagnosis of occupational disease can prevent others (e.g., workers at the same worksite) from further harm by reducing their exposure to the toxin, and also often provides some indication of prognosis. Physicians must therefore be aware of the typical signs and symptoms of toxic encephalopathy, and close collaborations between neurologists and occupational physicians are needed to determine whether neurological disorders are related to occupational neurotoxin exposure.

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Section: Diagnostic Approaches For Toxic Encephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic Encephalopathy

Kim

2012

Safety and Health at Work

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“…Advantages of noninvasive imaging include the ready ability to translate structural and in situ functional findings from animal models (Gabrielson et al 2011) to humans (Arora et al 2008;Pogge and Slikker 2004), and the simplicity of performing longitudinal neuropathology studies; a particular benefit will be the ability to follow the progression of neural lesions over time at both the gross and microscopic levels in a single individual. Current efforts are seeking to adapt the quantitative morphometric procedures, used routinely in conventional slide-based toxicologic neuropathology analyses, for use with brain images (Jacobson et al 2009).…”

Section: Future Trends In Toxicologic Neuropathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on Past Practices and Future Trends in Toxicologic Neuropathology

Bolon

2010

Toxicol Pathol

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Dr. Peter S. Spencer, a pioneering neurotoxicologist of international renown, delivered the keynote address at the 2010 Joint Scientific Symposium of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) and the International Federation of Societies of Toxicologic Pathologists (IFSTP). He has made many landmark discoveries during his four-decade career. Dr. Spencer's address communicated several fundamental principles of past and present toxicologic neuropathology research, and he also predicted future trends in the field. First, classic approaches to toxicologic neuropathology emphasized morphologic techniques such as light microscopic and ultrastructural assessment. However, neuropathology methods alone rarely reveal the mechanism(s) and etiology of neurotoxic conditions, so neurotoxicity problems are now being investigated using a multidisciplinary approach in which neuropathologic assessment is but one component of the analysis. The two primary trends for future toxicologic neuropathology investigations, in both animals and humans, will be an increased use of noninvasive neural imaging and greater preference for in situ molecular (''omic'') methods, which provide functional information in a structural context. These trends will significantly enhance the ability of scientists to translate animal data to human situations, thereby improving our understanding of disease mechanisms and facilitating efforts to design new therapies for neural diseases.

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“…Evidence or suspicion of chromosomal and inherited neurocutaneous disorders such as neurofibromatosis and tuberous sclerosis [48][49][50] 15. Evidence or suspicion of neurotoxicity disorders [51][52][53] 16. Evidence or suspicion of hypoxic brain injury [54][55][56] 17.…”

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confidence: 99%

Guidelines for Acquiring and Reporting Clinical Neurospectroscopy

et al. 2013

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Since the advent of CPT 76390 in 1998, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the brain, or neurospectroscopy, has moved from the realm of academic research into that of the clinical world. All major MR manufacturers have aided in the endeavor by automating neurospectroscopy so that it no longer requires an MR physicist and is a push-button technique that can be run by technologists just as a typical MR sequence. Thousands of studies have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of neurospectroscopy, and there are many medical reviews of how this technique can be applied across a wide range of neurologic disorders. However, few studies address the practical issue of acquiring and reporting neurospectroscopy in a clinical practice. Based on clinical experience at three different sites across the country and nearly two decades of applications training for technologists and radiologists at international clinical neurospectroscopy courses, the guidelines described in this article demonstrate proven protocols for clinical diagnosis and outline the strategies involved in acquiring, interpreting, and reporting clinical neurospectroscopy successfully. A standard operating procedure used across the three sites is described and high reproducibility across different platforms is shown.

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Neuroimaging of Toxic and Metabolic Disorders

Cited by 15 publications

References 97 publications

Toxic Encephalopathy

Toxic Encephalopathy

Perspectives on Past Practices and Future Trends in Toxicologic Neuropathology

Guidelines for Acquiring and Reporting Clinical Neurospectroscopy

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