“…In the brain, cytokines induce adaptive sickness behaviors, depressive-like behaviors, and disruption of cognitive processes including learning and memory in both rodents and humans ( Dantzer et al., 2008 ; Marin and Kipnis, 2013 ; Raison et al., 2006 ; Yirmiya and Goshen, 2011 ). Interestingly, cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) ( Santello et al., 2011 ; Stellwagen et al., 2005 ), interleukins (IL) IL-1β ( Huang et al., 2011 ; Viviani et al., 2003 ), IL-6 ( D'Arcangelo et al., 2000 ), and IL-33 ( Nguyen et al., 2020 ), and interferons (IFNs) IFNα, IFNβ, and IFNγ ( Costello and Lynch, 2013 ; Mendoza-Fernández et al., 2000 ; Zhu et al., 2011 ) can modulate synaptic function by altering membrane receptor trafficking, neuronal signaling, extracellular matrix remodeling, and/or neurotransmitter release at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses ( Pribiag and Stellwagen, 2013 ). For example, manipulation of the interleukin family of cytokines can significantly impair in vitro hippocampal long-term potentiation ( Ross et al., 2003 ; Schneider et al., 1998 ) and memory ( Goshen et al., 2007 ) in rodents.…”