Neuroinflammation and neurohormesis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer-linked pathologies: modulation by nutritional mushrooms

Abstract

Human life develops and expands not only in time and space, but also in the retrograde permanent recollection and interweaving of memories. Therefore, individual human identity depends fully on a proper access to the autobiographical memory. Such access is hindered or lost under pathological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, including recently associated oxidant pathologies, such as ocular neural degeneration occurring in glaucoma or neurosensorial degeneration occurring in Menière’s disease. Oxidative stress and altered antioxidant systems have been suggested to play a role in the aetiology of major neurodegenerative disorders, and altered expression of genes sensing oxidative stress, as well as decreased cellular stress response mechanisms could synergistically contribute to the course of these oxidant disorders. Thus, the theory that low levels of stress can produce protective responses against the pathogenic processes is a frontier area of neurobiological research focal to understanding and developing therapeutic approaches to neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, we discuss cellular mechanisms underlying AD neuroinflammatory pathogenesis that are contributory to Alzheimer’s disease. We describe endogenous cellular defence mechanism modulation and neurohormesis as a potentially innovative approach to therapeutics for AD and other neurodegenerative conditions that are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Particularly, we consider the emerging role of the inflammasome as an important component of the neuroprotective network, as well as the importance of Coriolus and Hericium nutritional mushrooms in redox stress responsive mechanisms and neuroprotection.

Healthy Effects of Plant Polyphenols: Molecular Mechanisms

“…Increasing evidences show that plant polyphenols activate the phase 2 response leading to the expression of various Nrf2-dependent antioxidant vitagenes. These effects represent a powerful instrument supporting redox homeostasis under stressful conditions [111] and support the assumptions that the helpful properties of polyphenols carry out through adaptive stress response vitagenes. Within this context, both heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and Hsp70 have received considerable attention for their recognized antioxidative function needed to maintain cell homeostasis [112].…”

Kaempferol Improves Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Antiinflammation and Antioxidative Stress Regulated by SIRT1/HMGB1/NF-κB Axis

“…Studies have shown that SIRT1 can regulate the release of HMGB1 by deacetylation, thereby attenuating the inflammatory response (Hwang et al, 2015). SIRT1 is a NAD +-dependent class III protein deacetylase that participating in various metabolic and pathological processes via protecting cells against apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress by regulating gene expression (Baur et al, 2012;Trovato Salinaro et al, 2018;Concetta Scuto et al, 2019). SIRT1 can directly participate in the regulation of inflammation through deacetylation and inhibit the transcription of inflammationrelated genes (Zhang et al, 2010).…”

Neural networks associated with body composition in frontotemporal dementia

“…Whether neuroendocrine changes are also related to sex particularly involving the hypothalamus and its interactions between the pituitary and gynoid axis, and how these could modulate changes in body composition will also deserve attention. Studies will also need to consider the interactions between environmental factors (such as diet), genetic factors, and metabolic changes, and the effect that these factors have on underlying cell processing including oxidative stress and inflammation, and their resulting effects on the neurodegenerative process …”