Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: A Critical Review and The Future

Abstract

Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia: a critical review and the future Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide, with positive, negative and cognitive dysfunctions and a significant deterioration in psychosocial functioning. Interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental stressors at the early stages of life, and subsequently a molecular level neurodegeneration process are important in the development of schizophrenia. Current approaches suggest that cytokines-induced neuroinflammation might have a role in the development of several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Uncontrolled microglial activation, increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, and subsequent neurotransmitter dysfunctions can induce schizophrenia. Microglial activation induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in central nervous system is responsible for the initiation and proceeding of the inflammatory process and consequently developing neurodegeneration. Here in this review, we aimed to provide an overview to the latest findings related to the cytokines-mediated peripheral and central immune responses in the development of schizophrenia.

18F-PBR111 PET Imaging in Healthy Controls and Schizophrenia: Test–Retest Reproducibility and Quantification of Neuroinflammation

“…Monitoring activated microglia is of great interest to assess disease severity and progression (3) as well as therapeutic efficacy of antiinflammatory drugs. Several recent lines of evidence support that neuroinflammation plays an important role in schizophrenia (4,5). For the past decades, the firstgeneration radiotracer 11 C-PK11195 has been widely used as a biomarker but suffered from low brain extraction and thus poor signal-to-noise ratio (6)(7)(8).…”

Auxiliary role of D5 dopamine receptor as a marker in paranoid schizophrenia patients

“…The earliest approaches in the biology of dopamine receptor and its targeting, signaling cascades and possible opportunities for target therapy with minimum side effect has been investigated [4][5][6]. Structural and biochemical studies have shown the subtypes of dopamine receptors in one of two groups of receptors D1 and D1b / D5 have a very high homology in domains of their membrane width and similarly retain membrane width sequences among the receptors D2, D3, D4 [7,8].…”

Trained innate immunity: a salient factor in the pathogenesis of neuroimmune psychiatric disorders

“…2 Similarly, in the past 7 years, data supporting an immune-mediated cause in schizophrenia have also increased substantially. 3 This advocates that research is now entering a new era of immunopsychiatric investigations that will profoundly change the understanding of brain disorders, in which immune impairments will be now acknowledged as potential underlying mechanisms of altered behavioral manifestations.…”