Neuroinflammation Plays a Critical Role in Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Disease

Abstract

Background: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are neurovascular lesions caused by loss of function mutations in 1 of 3 genes, including KRIT1 ( CCM1 ), CCM2 , and PDCD10 ( CCM3 ). CCMs affect ≈1 out of 200 children and adults, and no pharmacologic therapy is available. CCM lesion count, size, and aggressiveness vary widely among patients of similar ages with the same mutation or even within members of the same family. However, what determines the transition from quiescent lesions into mature and active (aggressive) CCM lesions is unknown. Methods: We use genetic, RNA-sequencing, histology, flow cytometry, and imaging techniques to report the interaction between CCM endothelium, astrocytes, leukocytes, microglia/macrophages, neutrophils (CCM endothelium, astrocytes, leukocytes, microglia/macrophages, neutrophils interaction) during the pathogenesis of CCMs in the brain tissue. Results: Expression profile of astrocytes in adult mouse brains using translated mRNAs obtained from the purification of EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein)-tagged ribosomes ( Aldh1l1-EGFP/Rpl10a ) in the presence or absence of CCM lesions ( Slco1c1-iCreERT2;Pdcd10 fl/fl ; Pdcd10 BECKO ) identifies a novel gene signature for neuroinflammatory astrocytes. CCM-induced reactive astrocytes have a neuroinflammatory capacity by expressing genes involved in angiogenesis, chemotaxis, hypoxia signaling, and inflammation. RNA-sequencing analysis on RNA isolated from brain endothelial cells in chronic Pdcd10 BECKO mice (CCM endothelium), identified crucial genes involved in recruiting inflammatory cells and thrombus formation through chemotaxis and coagulation pathways. In addition, CCM endothelium was associated with increased expression of Nlrp3 and Il1b . Pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) significantly decreased inflammasome activity as assessed by quantification of a fluorescent indicator of caspase-1 activity (FAM-FLICA caspase-1) in brain endothelial cells from Pdcd10 BECKO in chronic stage. Importantly, our results support the hypothesis of the crosstalk between astrocytes and CCM endothelium that can trigger recruitment of inflammatory cells arising from brain parenchyma (microglia) and the peripheral immune system (leukocytes) into mature active CCM lesions that propagate lesion growth, immunothrombosis, and bleedings. Unexpectedly, partial or total loss of brain endothelial NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) activity (using Ikkb fl/fl mice) in chronic Pdcd10 BECKO mice does not prevent lesion genesis or neuroinflammation. Instead, this resulted in a trend increase in the number of lesions and immunothrombosis, suggesting that therapeutic approaches designed to target inflammation through endothelial NF-κB inhibition may contribute to detrimental side effects. Conclusions Our study reveals previously unknown links between neuroinflammatory astrocytes and inflamed CCM endothelium as contributors that trigger leukocyte recruitment and precipitate immunothrombosis in CCM lesions. However, therapeutic approaches targeting brain endothelial NF-κB activity may contribute to detrimental side effects.

mTORC1 Inhibitor Rapamycin Inhibits Growth of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation in Adult Mice

“…These findings are consistent with a neuroinflammatory response during the development of CCM lesions, as previously observed. 25,26 These studies demonstrate that AAV-Cre-induced CCM lesions in adult Krit1 fl/fl ; iPik3ca H1047R mice exhibit most of the cardinal features associated with human CCM lesions, suggesting that this model is a faithful reproduction of aggressive, clinically relevant human disease.…”

“…These findings are consistent with a neuroinflammatory response during the development of CCM lesions, as previously observed. 25,26…”

A feasibility study for quantitative assessment of cerebrovascular malformations using flutriciclamide ([18F]GE-180) PET/MRI

“…Flutriciclamide uptake indicates the level of neuroinflammation of a particular brain region. Neuroinflammation in the physiology and clinical course of CCM disease has been reported in recent years ( 1 , 2 , 57 ). A CCM-associated proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1 β, was reported to increase endothelial permeability, promoting leukocyte transmigration and resulting in imminent symptomatic lesional bleeding in the brain ( 58 ).…”

A year in review: brain barriers and brain fluids research in 2022

“…Such models allow examination of potential therapeutics and investigation of factors that may exacerbate CCM lesion development. Thus, McCurdy et al [ 164 ] have found that a β1-integrin monoclonal antibody reduces CCM1 lesion development in mice, and Lai et al [ 165 ] have examined the role of neuroinflammatory astrocytes in CCM3 lesion development. Interestingly, Fang et al [ 166 ] found that loss of the NOGOB receptor in brain endothelial cells results in CCM-like lesions with dilated vessels, BBB hyperpermeability and cerebral hemorrhage.…”