Neurological and neurobehavioral assessment of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

Jeon, Hyo Jin; Ai, Jinglu; Sabri, Mohammed; Tariq, Asma; Shang, Xueyuan; Chen, Gang; Macdonald, R. Loch

doi:10.1186/1471-2202-10-103

Cited by 103 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…5 Neurological scores were significantly correlated with body weight after SAH, as body weight gain and improving neurological scores have been shown to be codependent factors. 12 In addition, increased glutamate levels may lead to astrocyte dysfunction or apoptosis and decreased astrocyte activity might decrease glutamate uptake and enhance neuronal death. 1,22,23,25,32 As previously reported, 29 CVS is a major cause of mortality and morbidity; in the present study, we further demonstrated that the CVS was positively correlated with neuronal degeneration on Day 7 after SAH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation of neurological injury with early baicalein treatment following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats

Kuo¹,

Chen³

et al. 2013

JNS

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ObjectBaicalein has been shown to offer neuroprotection in the ischemic brain, but its effect in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is unknown. The authors used a double-hemorrhage model to study the role of early baicalein treatment in SAH.MethodsSubarachnoid hemorrhage was induced in male Wistar rats through a repeat injection of autologous blood at a 48-hour interval. Rats subjected or not subjected to SAH received a 30-mg/kg baicalein injection 3 hours after SAH and daily for 6 consecutive days, and results were compared with those obtained in vehicle-treated control rats. Mortality of the rats was recorded. Neurological outcome was assessed daily. Cerebrospinal fluid dialysates were collected and examined for glutamate concentrations. Cerebral vasospasm (CVS), brain water content, neuron variability, expression of glutamate transporter–1 (GLT-1), immunoreactivity of astrocyte, and level of malondialdehyde, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase in brain tissues content were determined on post-SAH Day 7.ResultsMortality rate, neuronal degeneration, brain water content, and CVS were decreased and neurological function improved in the baicalein-treated rats. Baicalein increased astrocyte activity and preserved GLT-1, which attenuated the glutamate surge after SAH. Baicalein also provided antioxidative stress by preserving activities of SOD and catalase and decreased malondialdehydelevel after SAH. The glutamate, body weight, neurological scores, and glial fibrillary acidic protein activity were significantly correlated. The CVS was correlated with neuronal degeneration, and GLT-1 was correlated with oxidative stress.ConclusionsEarly baicalein treatment attenuated CVS and limited neurological injury following SAH. These data may indicate clinical utility for baicalein as an adjunct therapy to reduce brain injury and improve patient outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation of neurological injury with early baicalein treatment following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats

Kuo¹,

Chen³

et al. 2013

JNS

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“…The end points in human clinical trials are usually clinical outcome and delayed cerebral ischemia but neurological and functional examination after experimental SAH is still uncommonly used (Jeon et al, 2009;Takata et al, 2008). There is some evidence that reduction of angiographic vasospasm does not correlate with improved outcome in humans (Etminan et al, 2011;Macdonald, 2011;Macdonald et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacologic Reduction of Angiographic Vasospasm in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Zoerle

Ilodigwe

Wan

et al. 2012

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Animal models have been developed to simulate angiographic vasospasm secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and to test pharmacologic treatments. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of pharmacologic treatments that have been tested in humans and in preclinical studies to determine if animal models inform results reported in humans. A systematic review and meta-analysis of SAH studies was performed. We investigated predictors of translation from animals to humans with multivariate logistic regression. Pharmacologic reduction of vasospasm was effective in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, nonhuman primates (standard mean difference of À1.74; 95% confidence interval À2.04 to À1.44) and humans. Animal studies were generally of poor methodologic quality and there was evidence of publication bias. Subgroup analysis by drug and species showed that statins, tissue plasminogen activator, erythropoietin, endothelin receptor antagonists, calcium channel antagonists, fasudil, and tirilazad were effective whereas magnesium was not. Only evaluation of vasospasm > 3 days after SAH was independently associated with successful translation. We conclude that reduction of vasospasm is effective in animals and humans and that evaluation of vasospasm > 3 days after SAH may be preferable for preclinical models.

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“…The BBB breakdown develops even in the acute stage of SAH [66,67], and the indicator has been shown to be independent of influences, such as increased intracranial pressure or brain edema that may disrupt the BBB itself [48]. On the contrary, histological examination, including neuronal count, is usually used in models of SAH, which was induced by endovascular perforation of the internal carotid artery and is very rarely used in a model of SAH induced by the injection of blood into the cisterna magna [46]. In contrast to endovascular perforation, induction of SAH by the injection of blood into the cisterna magna is associated with neurological damage that is much more subtle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Timing for the NSS assessment was based on observations that maximal neurological impairment is seen 24 h after SAH, becoming nonsignificant by 72 h [46]. The NSS of the rats was determined by 2 blinded observers, independent of one another Points were assigned for alterations of motor functions and behavior, such that the maximal score of 25 represents greatest neurological dysfunction, whereas a score of 0 indicates an intact neurological condition.…”

Section: Determination Of Neurological Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Blood Glutamate Scavengers Oxaloacetate and Pyruvate on Neurological Outcome in a Rat Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

et al. 2012

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Neurological and neurobehavioral assessment of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

Cited by 103 publications

References 108 publications

Attenuation of neurological injury with early baicalein treatment following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats

Attenuation of neurological injury with early baicalein treatment following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats

Pharmacologic Reduction of Angiographic Vasospasm in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Effect of Blood Glutamate Scavengers Oxaloacetate and Pyruvate on Neurological Outcome in a Rat Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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