Neurological disorders in AIDS and HIV disease in the northern zone of Tanzania

Howlett, William P.; Nkya, Watoky; Mmuni, Konrad A.; Missalek, W

doi:10.1097/00002030-198905000-00007

Cited by 53 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…The prevalence of HAD in Africa was quite low in this study, possibly because the HIV epidemic was still in its early stages in this region in 1990-1991. 39 In other studies from Africa, the frequencies of HAD in Northern Tanzania (1989) was seen in 54% of cases 40 , in 8.7% of cases in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (1992) 41 , and in 16% of cases in a rural Ugandan hospital (2002). 39 However, formal neuropsychological testing was not performed as part of these studies, and differences in the diagnostic criteria for dementia could also account for the variance in the prevalence of HAD in these case series.…”

Section: 8mentioning

confidence: 87%

HIV infection and psychiatric illness

Owe‐Larsson

Säll²,

Salamon³

et al. 2009

Afr. J. Psych

143

125

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Introduction HIV is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) retrovirus that is the causative agent for AIDS. HIV belongs to the Lentivirus genus in the family Retroviridae, characterized by a replication cycle in which the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into a DNA proviral form that is integrated into the host cell genome. The retrovirus is composed of two copies of single-stranded RNA that codes for the virus's 9 genes. The RNA is non-covalently linked to the core proteins, which in turn is surrounded by a viral envelope, which enables the virus to enter cells by binding to a specific cellular receptor located on the surface of cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cells. 1 A few years after the discovery of HIV-1, a second virus, HIV-2, was found in West Africa. HIV-1 and HIV-2 differ regarding their content of the genome, resulting in lower AIDS rates in HIV-2 infected individuals. 2 Once exposed to the body, the HIV virus antibodies may be detected after an acute flu-like illness, and then proceeds to infect specific cells of the immune system during an asymptomatic period that may last for years. In order to enter a cell, HIV must bind to CD4, typically found on T lymphocytes, blood monocytes, macrophages and some dendrite cells, and subsequently to one or a combination of several possible chemokine co-receptors, usually CCR5 and CXCR4. 3,4 The late HIV infection and psychiatric illness B Owe-Larsson, L Säll, E Salamon, C Allgulander Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden Abstract Objective: To review the clinical features and current knowledge on the treatment of psychiatric symptoms and disorders in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Method: We searched the PubMed database combining HIV/AIDS with different keywords for psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms (e.g. depression, mania, anxiety, psychosis, dementia, substance abuse) and for psychopharmacological treatment. The years covered by these searches included 1980 to 2008. Results: Patients with HIV infection are at an increased risk of psychiatric illness. Major depressive disorder and subsyndromal depressive symptoms, as well as anxiety disorder and substance abuse are more prevalent among HIV infected individuals than among the general population. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are common among HIV patients, and HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is a serious condition during the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage of HIV disease. Secondary mania and psychosis might be the first clinical symptom of HIV dementia. The introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has resulted in significant decreases in morbidity and mortality for HIV infected patients. HAART has also decreased the incidence of HAD, but does not give complete protection from this condition. The utility of psychotropic medications in HIV patients has not been studied sufficiently as a basis for guidelines, and more controlled trials are n...

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Section: 8mentioning

confidence: 87%

HIV infection and psychiatric illness

Owe‐Larsson

Säll²,

Salamon³

et al. 2009

Afr. J. Psych

143

125

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“…5 Toxoplasmosis seems to be more frequent in AIDS patients in Africa than those from Europe or America. 7 In tropical countries, the frequency of TE in necropsy series of AIDS patients is high: 34% in Brazil, 23% in Côte d'Ivoire, and 19% in India. 4 Risk factors for TE are a previous Toxoplasma gondii infection and a CD4+ cell count< 100/mm 3 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar Toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS: A Case Report

Emeka¹,

Ogunrin²

2011

West African Journal of Medicine

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RÉSUMÉ CONTEXTE: Toxoplasma encéphalite est une présentation commune des T gondii infection oxoplasma du système nerveux central dans la phase tardive de l'immunodéficience humaine virale (VIH). Le diagnostic définitif nécessite la démonstration de la toxoplasmose dans le tissu cérébral. Toutefois, la démonstration neuro-radiologie (en utilisant la tomodensitométrie ou imagerie par résonance magnétique) de l'anneau d'aide à l'unique ou multiple focal lésions intracrâniennes, en présence de l'immunosuppression et une réponse rapide au traitement présomptif sont de diagnostic en l'absence d'installations histologique. La rareté des lésions toxoplasmiques dans le cervelet provoque un indice élevé de suspicion clinique et l'établissement précoce d'un traitement présomptif en Afrique sub-saharienne des ressources des pays

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“…For example, the prevalence of HAD in sub-Saharan Africa has been reported to be from as low as 3% (Belec et al 1989) to as high as 54% (Howlett et al 1989). However, much of the available research summarized below appears to confirm that HIV-related neurological disease is an ongoing and prevalent problem in these populations.…”

Section: Neurological Studies In Resource-limited Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of NeuroAIDS in the International Setting

Robertson

Hall

2007

Jrnl Neuroimmune Pharm

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The global burden of the HIV epidemic is staggering, but in the short term, it is largely unfelt in the developed world. Almost one million people have been infected with HIV in North America, and the results of effective antiretroviral therapy have dramatically improved survival and quality of life. However, there are 25 million infected in sub-Saharan Africa alone, and antiretroviral treatment is scarce. Ninety-five percent of new infections occur in the developing world where resources are limited. Very little is known about NeuroAIDS in the developing world where few studies have been conducted on the neurologic and neurocognitive effects of antiretroviral treatment. HIV Clade differences and other factors could have dramatic effects on treatment effectiveness. There are a number of barriers in the assessment of neurological and neurocognitive effects in resource limited settings and some of these will be addressed.

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Neurological disorders in AIDS and HIV disease in the northern zone of Tanzania

Cited by 53 publications

References 0 publications

HIV infection and psychiatric illness

HIV infection and psychiatric illness

Cerebellar Toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS: A Case Report

Assessment of NeuroAIDS in the International Setting

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