Neurological Infection, Kynurenine Pathway, and Parasitic Infection by Neospora caninum

Abstract

Neuroinflammation is one of the most frequently studied topics of neurosciences as it is a common feature in almost all neurological disorders. Although the primary function of neuroinflammation is to protect the nervous system from an insult, the complex and sequential response of activated glial cells can lead to neurological damage. Depending on the type of insults and the time post-insult, the inflammatory response can be neuroprotective, neurotoxic, or, depending on the glial cell types, both. There are multiple pathways activated and many bioactive intermediates are released during neuroinflammation. One of the most common one is the kynurenine pathway, catabolizing tryptophan, which is involved in immune regulation, neuroprotection, and neurotoxicity. Different models have been used to study the kynurenine pathway metabolites to understand their involvements in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory processes triggered by infections. Among them, the parasitic infection Neospora caninum could be used as a relevant model to study the role of the kynurenine pathway in the neuroinflammatory response and the subset of cells involved.

Metabolome-Wide Mendelian Randomization Assessing the Causal Role of Serum and Cerebrospinal Metabolites in Traumatic Brain Injury

“…Therefore, KYNAs may exhibit inflammatory effects in the pathogenesis of TBI. Additionally, 3-methoxytyramine is a dopaminergic metabolite that accentuates the intricate relationship between neurotransmitter dynamics and tryptophan metabolism [ 41 , 46 ]. N-formylanthranilic acid is a benzoic biosynthesized from N-formylkynurenine from kynureninase [ 46 ].…”

“…Additionally, 3-methoxytyramine is a dopaminergic metabolite that accentuates the intricate relationship between neurotransmitter dynamics and tryptophan metabolism [ 41 , 46 ]. N-formylanthranilic acid is a benzoic biosynthesized from N-formylkynurenine from kynureninase [ 46 ]. Our analysis identified a positive causal association between N-formylanthranilic acid and TBI, which may be attributable to inflammation activation [ 46 ].…”

“…N-formylanthranilic acid is a benzoic biosynthesized from N-formylkynurenine from kynureninase [ 46 ]. Our analysis identified a positive causal association between N-formylanthranilic acid and TBI, which may be attributable to inflammation activation [ 46 ].…”

Causality of genetically determined metabolites and metabolic pathways on osteoarthritis: a two-sample mendelian randomization study

“…As a main degradation product of tryptophan, kynurenine has been shown to have direct damaging effects in a variety of tissues [ 32 – 34 ]. As an essential amino acid for protein synthesis, tryptophan undergoes extensive and complex metabolism along several pathways, resulting in many biologically active molecules acting in different organs through various action mechanisms [ 35 ].…”

Causality of Genetically Determined Metabolites and Metabolic Pathways on Osteoarthritis: A Bi-Directional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

“…As a main degradation product of tryptophan, kynurenine has been shown to have direct damaging effects in a variety of tissues [32][33][34]. As an essential amino acid for protein synthesis, tryptophan undergoes extensive and complex metabolism along several pathways, resulting in many biologically active molecules acting in different organs through various action mechanisms [35].…”