Neurology and War: From Antiquity to Modern Times

Paciaroni, Maurizio; Arnao, Valentina

doi:10.1159/000442562

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Disruption of livelihood, forced migration, and experience of conflict have all been shown to have predictable, and in many senses comparable outcomes. Thick descriptions of these affective phenomena and related biological responses are found in academic and development‐related ethnography: the shift from interethnic cooperation into interethnic conflict (Bhavnani ; Blagojevic ; Crawford ; Fearon and Laitin ; Ross ; Suny ); rises in mortality and morbidity as well as emotional and mental turmoil that accompany internal and external, forced or self‐initiated uprooting (de Wet 2006; Reed, Haaga, and Keely ; Zimmerman, Kiss, and Hossain ); the impact of fear based on uncertainty (Choi and Bowles ; Ember and Ember ); and also the impacts of war on warriors (Hyams, Wignall, and Roswell ; Paciaroni and Arnao ; Peters ; Struve ). This paper uses comparison as a way of understanding affective experience that archaeologists cannot easily observe, which in turn helps explain observable behaviors that otherwise seem inscrutable.…”

Section: Affect and Experiencementioning

confidence: 99%

6 There is No Means by Which I Live: Livelihood and Power at the Margins of the State

Thurston

2018

Archaeological Papers of the American

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The social and political power of marginal highland dwellers is examined through comparison of historical and archaeological data in early Sweden and modern Lesotho, southern Africa. Upland dwellers negotiated political and environmental challenges while struggling to establish community in the face of high taxation, uprooting, and violence. Current understandings of the medical and psychosocial impacts of such challenges indicate that individuals experience severe stress, but also intense attachment to their environment, even when living in highly marginal places with tenuous livelihoods. This nexus may help clarify similar archaeological cases.

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Section: Affect and Experiencementioning

confidence: 99%

6 There is No Means by Which I Live: Livelihood and Power at the Margins of the State

Thurston

2018

Archaeological Papers of the American

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“…The use of trepanation in Western medicine has its main roots in Egyptian and Greek practices for the treatment of traumatic brain injury 9,10,11,12 . The procedure was regularly done during the Roman Empire (Celsius), throughout the Middle Ages and beyond 3,10 . Figures declined sharply in the second half of the nineteenth century, paralleling the increasing shift to in-hospital care 13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving story: trepanation and self-trepanation to enhance brain function

André

2017

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Trepanation has been performed by people interested in enhancing mental power and well-being since the early 1960s. The pioneers and main proponents of the procedure are described here. The phenomenon appeared in Europe after a Dutch former medical student published a psychoactive drug-friendly scroll suggesting trepanation as a form of permanently increasing cerebral blood volume and function. He trepanned himself in 1965. Three of his friends became enthusiasts. They also submitted themselves to the procedure and published films and books describing their experiences. Two of them coauthored papers, in collaboration with Russian researchers, and created institutions to promote discussion on trepanation. One of these institutions organized trips to Central and South America to get the operation done. Dozens of people nowadays look for trepanation as a method of spiritualization and increasing well-being and mental power. The phenomenon has an uncertain future, however, as the main proponents and supporters are aging.

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“…66. Maurizio P Paciaroni and Valentina Arnao, 2016, “Neurology and War: From Antiquity to Modern Times,” in War Neurology , eds. Laurent Tatu and Julien Bogousslavsky (Basel: Karger, 2016), 1–9.…”

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confidence: 99%

We need to talk about Epizelus: ‘PTSD’ and the ancient world

Rees

2019

Med Humanities

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In the pursuit to offer validity and lineage to the modern diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), non-historical scholars often remove ancient episodes from their social context and retrospectively diagnose them based on our modern diagnostic criteria. This approach reinforces our pre-existing ideas, and form a confirmation bias that does not help to grow our understanding of these injuries. As this article argues, the use of ancient precedents would offer greater benefit to the psychological and medical profession when used to ask new questions rather than reiterate old answers. This article addresses the use of ancient history in the psychological disciplines, especially concerning the topic of post-traumatic stress, and its earlier categorisation as shell shock. Before assessing the non-historical scholarship for the use of ancient precedents, this article sets out the historical debate around the topic and the methodological issues involved in using PTSD as a model with which to examine the ancient world. After which, the use of ancient history by psychological and medical researchers examining PTSD will be assessed. In turn, it will be shown how the removal of historical context has allowed misunderstandings of the original texts and for historical errors to permeate. The story of Epizelus, a man who went blind in battle without incurring any injury, will be used as a case study to show how ancient history has been misused, and vital parts of his life story have been ignored because they do not fit the modern diagnostic model. In particular this article will show how ancient episodes have been used to justify modern ideas and modern understanding, and propose new therapies, without the necessary historical due diligence.

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Neurology and War: From Antiquity to Modern Times

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

6 There is No Means by Which I Live: Livelihood and Power at the Margins of the State

6 There is No Means by Which I Live: Livelihood and Power at the Margins of the State

Evolving story: trepanation and self-trepanation to enhance brain function

We need to talk about Epizelus: ‘PTSD’ and the ancient world

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