Neuronal mechanisms of interaction between the red nucleus and other brain stem structures

Fanardzhyan, V. V.; Sarkisyan, D. S.

doi:10.1007/bf01052706

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Given that rubral control of respiration appears to involve monosynaptic interactions with the medulla (Schmid et al, 1988), connections must exist between them. The red nucleus communicates synaptically with the medulla via discrete tracts, because medullary collaterals from rubrospinal and rubrobulbar tracts have been demonstrated (Fanardzhyan & Sarkisyan, 1985;Massion, 1967). Specific mesencephalic projections have been shown to terminate in the olive (Condé & Condé, 1982), lateral reticular nucleus (Courville, 1966;Miller & Strominger, 1973) and nucleus ambiguus (Carpenter & Pines, 1957).…”

Section: Neuroanatomical Substrate For Control Of Respiration By the Red Nucleusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retracted: Rubral modulation of breathing

Ghali

2019

Experimental Physiology

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Although normal triphasic eupnoea can be produced by the pontomedullary respiratory network after pontomesencephalic transection, the midbrain provides important modulation of respiration. Specifically, stimulation of the red nucleus elicits inspiratory inhibition, as manifest in the phrenic neurogram, in addition to excitation and inhibition of individual medullary respiratoryrelated units, with the majority of premotor units that receive rubral modulation being inhibited.Stimulation of the red nucleus also induces respiratory phase transitions, which appear to be pontine independent. These effects might be mediated by rubrobulbar and/or rubrospinal tracts.Although lesioning of the red nucleus does not alter respiration in normoxic conditions, it eliminates hypoxic ventilatory depression, which is the second phase of the biphasic ventilatory response to low oxygen tension. The finding that the red nucleus also plays a role in antinociception suggests that it might coordinate respiratory responses during noxious stimulation and, given that the red nucleus regulates upper limb flexors, it might represent one region in a distributed bulbar network contributing to respiratory-locomotor integration. Modulation of jaw opening by the red nucleus would support a model whereby it coordinates oromotor activity with breathing. Thus, the multiplicity of roles played by the red nucleus aptly position it to coordinate respiration in a variety of behavioural states. In this review, we seek to highlight the different features and regional specializations of the rubral contribution to respiratory control and underscore its vital importance to breathing in the freely behaving mammal. K E Y W O R D Sbreathing, chemosensitivity, hypoxic ventilatory depression, inspiratory off switch, locomotor, mesencephalic, midbrain, red nucleus

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Section: Neuroanatomical Substrate For Control Of Respiration By the Red Nucleusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retracted: Rubral modulation of breathing

Ghali

2019

Experimental Physiology

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“…It was postulated that the cerebellorubral circuit, including the cerebellum, RN and reticular formation, acts as a positive loop that generates motor commands and conveys them to the spinal cord via the rubrospinal pathways (Orlovsky, 1972; Amassian & Batson, 1988; Arshavsky et al 1988; Keifer & Houk, 1994). We propose that stimulation of the medial medulla may suppress transmission in this loop, which provides a dynamic cerebellar control of motor activity and regulation of the somatosensory information received from the dorsal column nuclei of the spinal cord (Fanardzhian & Sarkisian, 1984; Taepavarapruk et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cessation of activity in red nucleus neurons during stimulation of the medial medulla in decerebrate rats

Mileykovskiy

Kiyashchenko

Siegel

2002

The Journal of Physiology

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The pontine oral reticular nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Gi) and dorsal paragigantocellular nucleus (DPGi) of the medulla are key elements of a brainstem‐reticulospinal inhibitory system that participates in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep atonia. Our recent study has shown that excitation of these brainstem nuclei in decerebrate rats inhibits locus coeruleus cells and the midbrain locomotor region neurons related to muscle tone facilitation. In the present study we have examined the influences of electrical and chemical stimulation of Gi and DPGi inhibitory sites on the activity of neurons located in the magnocellular part of the red nucleus (RMC), a cell group that participates in both the tonic and phasic regulation of motor output. A total of 192 RMC neurons were recorded in precollicular‐premammillary decerebrate rats with muscle rigidity and induced locomotion. Thirty‐three RMC neurons were identified antidromically as rubrospinal (RMC‐spinal) cells by stimulation of the contralateral dorsolateral funiculus at the L2 level. A total of 141 RMC neurons (88.7 %) and all RMC‐spinal neurons were inhibited during electrical stimulation of Gi and DPGi inhibitory sites. This cessation of activity was correlated with bilateral muscle atonia or blockage of locomotion. Six RMC cells (3.8 %) were excited (224 ± 50 %, n= 6, minimum = 98, maximum = 410, P < 0.05) and 11 cells (7 %) gave no response to Gi and DPGi stimulation. Microinjections of kainic acid (100 μm, 0.2 μl) into Gi and DPGi inhibitory sites, previously identified by electrical stimulation, produced a short‐latency (35 ± 3.5 s, n= 11) decrease of rigid hindlimb muscle tone and inhibition of all tested RMC (n= 7) and RMC‐spinal (n= 5) neurons. These results, combined with our recent published data, suggest that inhibition of motor function during activation of the brainstem inhibitory system is related to both the descending inhibition of spinal motoneurons and suppression of activity in supraspinal motor facilitatory systems. These two mechanisms acting synergistically may cause generalized motor inhibition during REM sleep and cataplexy.

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“…1975a, b), which is largely described in the rat as the rubral zone, specifically supplied by inputs from the cerebeilar lateral nucleus (Caughell and Flumerfelt 1977;Flumerfelt 1980;Fanardzhyan and Sarkisyan 1984;Angaut et al 1986Angaut et al , 1987Daniel et al 1987) and sensorimotor cortex (Flumerfelt and Gwyn 1973;Brown 1974;Flumerfelt 1980;Akintunde and Buxton 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron microscopic demonstration of terminations of posterior thalamic axons on identified rubrospinal neurons in the rat

et al. 1994

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In the rat, the major output of the posterior thalamic nucleus (PT) ends in the ventrolateral sector of the rostral two-thirds of the red nucleus. The aim of this study is to identify the rubral cells contacted by these thalamic efferents. In a first set of experiments, an anterograde neurotracer (PHA-L) was injected into the rostral part of the red nucleus. The only structure consistently and densely labeled was the contralateral spinal cord. Therefore, in a second set of experiments, massive HRP injections were made at different cervical levels in the spinal cord in combination with either electrolytic lesion or PHA-L injection in the contralateral PT. Both anterograde and retrograde labelings obtained in the RN were examined by correlated light and electron microscopy. Our findings indicate that anterogradely degenerated or labeled axons arising from the PT form synaptic contacts on HRP-filled dendritic processes of rubrospinal neurons. The thalamo-rubral articulation is direct and seems to be mainly axo-dendritic. These results support the possible participation of the PT in the modulatory control of spinal interneurons through the rubrospinal tract.

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Neuronal mechanisms of interaction between the red nucleus and other brain stem structures

Cited by 4 publications

References 23 publications

Retracted: Rubral modulation of breathing

Retracted: Rubral modulation of breathing

Cessation of activity in red nucleus neurons during stimulation of the medial medulla in decerebrate rats

Electron microscopic demonstration of terminations of posterior thalamic axons on identified rubrospinal neurons in the rat

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