Neuronal Prediction of Opponent’s Behavior during Cooperative Social Interchange in Primates

Haroush, Keren; Williams, Ziv

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.045

Cited by 190 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…So far, most studies have focused on sequential [47,48] or simultaneous games [49]. One of the main challenges in this field is extending these studies to direct real-time interactions that would entail a broad spectrum of dynamic competitive and cooperative behaviours.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence and suppression of cooperation by action visibility in transparent games

Unakafov

Schultze

Kagan

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Real-world agents, such as humans, animals and robots, observe each other during interactions and choose their own actions taking the partners' ongoing behaviour into account. Yet, classical game theory assumes that players act either strictly sequentially or strictly simultaneously (without knowing the choices of each other). To account for action visibility and provide a more realistic model of interactions under time constraints, we introduce a new game-theoretic setting called transparent game, where each player has a certain probability to observe the choice of the partner before deciding on its own action. Using evolutionary simulations, we demonstrate that even a small probability of seeing the partner's choice before one's own decision substantially changes evolutionary successful strategies. Action visibility enhances cooperation in a Bach-or-Stravinsky game, but disrupts cooperation in a more competitive iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. In both games, strategies based on the "Win-stay, lose-shift" and "Tit-for-tat" principles are predominant for moderate transparency, while for high transparency strategies of "Leader-Follower" type emerge. Our results have implications for studies of human and animal social behaviour, especially for the analysis of dyadic and group interactions.One of the most interesting questions in economics, biological, and social sciences is the emergence and maintenance of cooperation. A popular framework for studying cooperation (or the lack thereof) is Game Theory, which is frequently used to model interactions between "rational" decision-makers. In particular, a model for repeated interactions is provided by iterated games; two settings were previously used [1]:• Simultaneous games: players act at the same time without having any information about the current choice of the partners. Consequently, all players must make a decision under uncertainty concerning the choices of others.• Sequential games: players act in a certain order and the player acting later in the sequence is guaranteed to see the choices of the preceding players. Here the burden of uncertainty only applies to the first player or -if there are more than two players -becomes lighter with every turn in the sequence.Both settings place a simplifying restriction on the decisional context: either all players have no information about the choices of the partners (simultaneous game), or some players always have more information than others (sequential game). This simplification might be disadvantageous for modelling certain behaviours, since humans and animals usually act neither strictly simultaneously nor

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence and suppression of cooperation by action visibility in transparent games

Unakafov

Schultze

Kagan

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…Several lines of evidence support this model. First, there are neurons in the ACCg that respond when a monkey views cues indicating that another monkey will receive a reward (Chang et al, 2013) neurons and in the dACC that respond when monkeys predict the decisions of a conspecific in an economic game (Haroush and Williams, 2015). Second, lesions to the ACCg reduce the value assigned to social stimuli, leaving the processing of nonsocial stimuli intact (Rudebeck et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encoding of Vicarious Reward Prediction in Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Relationship with Trait Empathy

et al. 2015

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Empathy-the capacity to understand and resonate with the experiences of others-can depend on the ability to predict when others are likely to receive rewards. However, although a plethora of research has examined the neural basis of predictions about the likelihood of receiving rewards ourselves, very little is known about the mechanisms that underpin variability in vicarious reward prediction. Human neuroimaging and nonhuman primate studies suggest that a subregion of the anterior cingulate cortex in the gyrus (ACCg) is engaged when others receive rewards. Does the ACCg show specialization for processing predictions about others' rewards and not one's own and does this specialization vary with empathic abilities? We examined hemodynamic responses in the human brain time-locked to cues that were predictive of a high or low probability of a reward either for the subject themselves or another person. We found that the ACCg robustly signaled the likelihood of a reward being delivered to another. In addition, ACCg response significantly covaried with trait emotion contagion, a necessary foundation for empathizing with other individuals. In individuals high in emotion contagion, the ACCg was specialized for processing others' rewards exclusively, but for those low in emotion contagion, this region also responded to information about the subject's own rewards. Our results are the first to show that the ACCg signals probabilistic predictions about rewards for other people and that the substantial individual variability in the degree to which the ACCg is specialized for processing others' rewards is related to trait empathy.

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“…How social and nonsocial signals in these circuits are integrated to mediate decisions with respect to others remains imperfectly understood, in part, due to the indirect nature of hemodynamic signals measured in human neuroimaging experiments that constitute the bulk of this research. Recent advances in the development of neurophysiological and neuropharmacological models of social decision-making, however, permit more direct inquiry into the neural mechanisms mediating other-regarding behavior (7)(8)(9)(10)(11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural mechanisms of social decision-making in the primate amygdala

Chang

Fagan

Toda

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

134

117

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Social decisions require evaluation of costs and benefits to oneself and others. Long associated with emotion and vigilance, the amygdala has recently been implicated in both decision-making and social behavior. The amygdala signals reward and punishment, as well as facial expressions and the gaze of others. Amygdala damage impairs social interactions, and the social neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) influences human social decisions, in part, by altering amygdala function. Here we show in monkeys playing a modified dictator game, in which one individual can donate or withhold rewards from another, that basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons signaled social preferences both across trials and across days. BLA neurons mirrored the value of rewards delivered to self and others when monkeys were free to choose but not when the computer made choices for them. We also found that focal infusion of OT unilaterally into BLA weakly but significantly increased both the frequency of prosocial decisions and attention to recipients for context-specific prosocial decisions, endorsing the hypothesis that OT regulates social behavior, in part, via amygdala neuromodulation. Our findings demonstrate both neurophysiological and neuroendocrinological connections between primate amygdala and social decisions.amygdala | social decision | value mirroring | oxytocin | hierarchical modeling H ow we treat others impacts not only their well-being but our own. Human society depends on cooperation, charity, and altruism, as well as institutions to regulate selfish biases. In humans, these behaviors involve perspective-taking, empathy, and theory of mind (1, 2), and the rudiments of these capacities appear to mediate complex social behavior in animals (3). Recent research has sketched a rough outline of the neural circuits that contribute to complex social behavior (4, 5). These comprise a set of domaingeneral brain areas, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum, that process information about reward and punishment and contribute to decision-making, and a set of specialized areas, including the temporoparietal junction and medial prefrontal cortex, that process specifically social information (4, 6). How social and nonsocial signals in these circuits are integrated to mediate decisions with respect to others remains imperfectly understood, in part, due to the indirect nature of hemodynamic signals measured in human neuroimaging experiments that constitute the bulk of this research. Recent advances in the development of neurophysiological and neuropharmacological models of social decision-making, however, permit more direct inquiry into the neural mechanisms mediating other-regarding behavior (7-11).The amygdala, especially the basolateral division (BLA), has been implicated in both decision-making and social perception, inviting the possibility that it contributes to decision-making with respect to others (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). This set of nuclei is well known for contributions to emotional experience and expression, especia...

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Neuronal Prediction of Opponent’s Behavior during Cooperative Social Interchange in Primates

Cited by 190 publications

References 52 publications

Emergence and suppression of cooperation by action visibility in transparent games

Emergence and suppression of cooperation by action visibility in transparent games

Encoding of Vicarious Reward Prediction in Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Relationship with Trait Empathy

Neural mechanisms of social decision-making in the primate amygdala

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