Neurophysiological evidence for the first mention effect during pronominal reference resolution in German Sign Language

Abstract

Anaphoric pronoun resolution in spoken language has been shown to be influenced by the first mention bias. While this bias has been well investigated in spoken languages, less is known about a similar bias in sign languages. In sign languages, pronominal pointing signs (index) are directed towards referential locations in the signing space typically associated with discourse referents. In German Sign Language (DGS), signers follow an ipsi-contralateral default pattern while tracking referents, i.e., the first referent is associated with the ipsilateral and the second referent with the contralateral area of the signing space. Hence, directing a pronoun to either the ipsi- or the contralateral side of the signing space refers to either the first or the second discourse referent. The present event-related potential study reanalyzes the data from Wienholz et al. (2018) and examines the first mention effect during pronoun resolution in ambiguous contexts in DGS. The original study presented participants with sentence sets containing two referents without overt localization in the first and a sentence-initial pronominal index sign in the second sentence directed to either the ipsilateral or contralateral side of the signing space. Based on the direction of the index sign, our analysis reveals an N400 for contralateral index signs suggesting increased processing costs triggered by a violation of the first mention effect. Thus, the current study provides first experimental evidence for a first mention effect in DGS and highlights the modality-independent nature of this effect.

Detection of Extraneous Visual Signals Does Not Reveal the Syntactic Structure of German Sign Language (DGS)

“…Indeed, the potential disruptive effect of the extraneous signal (i.e., "flash") at exactly these points in time appears to have been readily compensated by the syntax-relevant information provided by the other articulators. Along these lines, it has also been argued that the nature of the major articulators of sign languages require longer transition phases between signs, whereas these transitions are likely already informative with regard to the next sign (Hosemann et al, 2013;Wienholz et al, 2023). of syntax-relevant information is the norm.…”

“…That is, a mouthing (or mouth gesture) that may accompany a sign (colour-coded in yellow) does not extent for the same duration as the manual component (hand form, hand position, contact area, starting point, movement, and end point; colour-coded in blue). Notice that the boundary between a signs start and end point and transitory movements is blurry (Hosemann et al, 2013;Jantunen, 2015;Wienholz et al, 2023). Similarly, syntax-relevant non-manual cues such as raised eyebrows indicating topicalization or questions components or position and movement of the upper body (colourcoded in green) can extend over several signs (Pendzich, 2020;Steinbach, 2023).…”