Neuroplasticity in visual impairments

Silva, Paulo Ramiler; Farias, Tiago; Cascio, Fernando; Santos, Levi dos; Peixoto, Vinícius; Crespo, Eric; Ayres, Carla; Ayres, Marcos; Marinho, Victor; Bastos, Víctor Hugo; Ribeiro, Pedro; Velasques, Bruna; Orsini, Marco; Fiorelli, Rossano; Freitas, Marcos R. G. de; Teixeira, Silmar

doi:10.4081/ni.2018.7326

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The functional resiliency of a self-organizing system implies functional plasticity [21,22,51], which is a necessary ground condition for system resiliency, but also achieves a purpose well beyond this. Functional plasticity ensures system functioning under adverse conditions and/or after partial system damage.…”

Section: Functional Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for example, is associated with plastic functional changes in the human medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala that correlate with a smaller hippocampal volume, and both reversed to normal after treatment [52]. Like in the human brain, where a functional subsystem may take over the functions of another after brain damage [21,22,51], a functional subsystem may appear spontaneously and maintain its function autonomously by self-organization in a computer generated system. The control needed to achieve this has to be distributed across system levels, components or cells, and/or sub-systems.…”

Section: Functional Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seven Properties of Self-Organization in the Human Brain

Dresp-Langley

2020

BDCC

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The principle of self-organization has acquired a fundamental significance in the newly emerging field of computational philosophy. Self-organizing systems have been described in various domains in science and philosophy including physics, neuroscience, biology and medicine, ecology, and sociology. While system architecture and their general purpose may depend on domain-specific concepts and definitions, there are (at least) seven key properties of self-organization clearly identified in brain systems: (1) modular connectivity, (2) unsupervised learning, (3) adaptive ability, (4) functional resiliency, (5) functional plasticity, (6) from-local-to-global functional organization, and (7) dynamic system growth. These are defined here in the light of insight from neurobiology, cognitive neuroscience and Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART), and physics to show that self-organization achieves stability and functional plasticity while minimizing structural system complexity. A specific example informed by empirical research is discussed to illustrate how modularity, adaptive learning, and dynamic network growth enable stable yet plastic somatosensory representation for human grip force control. Implications for the design of “strong” artificial intelligence in robotics are brought forward.

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Section: Functional Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Functional Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Seven Properties of Self-Organization in the Human Brain

Dresp-Langley

2020

BDCC

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“…For example, CB possess enhanced verbal memory (Amedi et al, 2003), working memory (Heled et al, 2022), perceptual (Voss et al, 2004;Chebat et al, 2007;Arnaud et al, 2018), attention (Collignon et al, 2006), and cognitive (Fortin et al, 2008;Kupers et al, 2010;Chebat et al, 2015Chebat et al, , 2017 skills compared to their sighted counterparts. This crossmodal recruitment keeps the primary visual cortex functional despite visual disuse for non-visual tasks (Amedi et al, 2003;Gougoux et al, 2005;Stevens et al, 2007;Jiang et al, 2009;Kupers and Ptito, 2014;Silva et al, 2018;Ptito et al, 2021). Variations in the thickness of the cortex in CB are linked to better performances on pitch and musical discrimination tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Gyrification in relation to cortical thickness in the congenitally blind

Arend

Yuen²,

Yizhar³

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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Greater cortical gyrification (GY) is linked with enhanced cognitive abilities and is also negatively related to cortical thickness (CT). Individuals who are congenitally blind (CB) exhibits remarkable functional brain plasticity which enables them to perform certain non-visual and cognitive tasks with supranormal abilities. For instance, extensive training using touch and audition enables CB people to develop impressive skills and there is evidence linking these skills to cross-modal activations of primary visual areas. There is a cascade of anatomical, morphometric and functional-connectivity changes in non-visual structures, volumetric reductions in several components of the visual system, and CT is also increased in CB. No study to date has explored GY changes in this population, and no study has explored how variations in CT are related to GY changes in CB. T1-weighted 3D structural magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired to examine the effects of congenital visual deprivation in cortical structures in a healthy sample of 11 CB individuals (6 male) and 16 age-matched sighted controls (SC) (10 male). In this report, we show for the first time an increase in GY in several brain areas of CB individuals compared to SC, and a negative relationship between GY and CT in the CB brain in several different cortical areas. We discuss the implications of our findings and the contributions of developmental factors and synaptogenesis to the relationship between CT and GY in CB individuals compared to SC. F.

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“…(9) (10) This phenomenon of amplification is well documented for blindness i.e. loss of vision, that auditory senses amplify to a great extent so that functionality can be somewhat restored (11), but there are few documentations or studies which actually demonstrate HOW MUCH the amplification is and if the amplification is present, does it correlate to the amount of loss of vision present in the individual, or to the amount of time the individual has been visually impaired or both. (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) It is important to understand the degree of amplification present to understand how much functionality is regained or to help the individual better.…”

Section: Introduction: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the amplification of Auditory sensation in visually impaired individuals and comparison with normal individuals

Desai

2023

Preprint

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Background: - It is commonly believed that if a person loses one of their basic senses like sight or hearing, other senses will be amplified to compensate the loss. It has been proven that this amplification does indeed help the person up to an extent, but this increase in the senses as compared to other individuals, who have all senses intact, has not been quantified. Aim: - 1)To estimate and compare Auditory Acuity between visually impaired and normal people 2)To calculate the amount of amplification in the Auditory sense in the visually impaired individuals in compared to Normal Individuals Methodology: - A Cross Sectional Case-control Pilot Experimental Study was carried out using a method that has been developed by the authors, wherein a pure tone sound at a specific intensity was brought inwards towards the subject from multiple directions and the distance was measured where the participant could hear the sound and was noted. The same experiment was carried out in Normal Individuals with normal 6/6 vision and these measurements were compared. Positon of nose in respect to the direction of sound source was used to denote the results in angles made by the two. A pure tone of 256 Hz , of 30db was used as the sound source and the distance from the subject was measured in meters. Results: - Out of total 60 individuals in the study, 45 had some degree of blindness. In both groups, the highest sensitivity is at 0 followed by 45 - 315 , then comes 90 -270 and 135 - 215 to put nose position of 180 at least amount of sensitivity. A 10% amplification in the distance is present between any and all type of visually impaired individuals and normal individuals whereas totally blind individuals have around 20% amplification compared to normal individuals in the distance to appreciate the sound. Conclusion: - A visible difference can be seen in the distance where a total blind person can hear, which is higher than the distance at which a normal individual can hear. High loss of vision, low loss of vision and one eye blind individuals come in the range between these two. Although, the results are not statistically significant, they are clinically present, and a with a larger sample size, a better assessment of this amplification can be done. Key words: - Blindness, Auditory perception, Amplification. , sense.

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Neuroplasticity in visual impairments

Cited by 17 publications

References 57 publications

Seven Properties of Self-Organization in the Human Brain

Seven Properties of Self-Organization in the Human Brain

Gyrification in relation to cortical thickness in the congenitally blind

Analyzing the amplification of Auditory sensation in visually impaired individuals and comparison with normal individuals

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