Neuroprotection and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease: Role of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, Implications for Dementia Rates, and Prevention with Aerobic Exercise in African Americans

Obisesan, Thomas O.; Gillum, Richard F.; Johnson, Stéphanie; Umar, Nisser; Williams, Deborah; Bond, Vernon; Kwagyan, John

doi:10.1155/2012/568382

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…First, it represents the largest genomewide association study to date involving African Americans—almost all such studies for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease have been done with non-Hispanic whites. Second, both genes that were found to be related to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease are involved in cholesterol transport, and given that cholesterol metabolism has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, 24 this presents a potential target for future intervention studies.…”

Section: Risk Factors In African Americansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alzheimer’s Disease In African Americans: Risk Factors And Challenges For The Future

2014

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As the US elderly population continues to expand rapidly, Alzheimer’s disease poses a major and increasing public health challenge, and older African Americans may be disproportionately burdened by the disease. Although African Americans were generally under included in previous research studies, new and growing evidence suggests that they may be at increased risk of the disease and that they differ from the non-Hispanic white population in risk factors and disease manifestation. This article offers an overview of the challenges of Alzheimer’s disease in African Americans, including diagnosis issues, disparities in risk factors and clinical presentation of disease, and community-based recommendations to enhance research with this population.

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Section: Risk Factors In African Americansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alzheimer’s Disease In African Americans: Risk Factors And Challenges For The Future

2014

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“…Given that the brain requires a certain perfusion threshold for optimal function, hypertension-related vascular damage including widespread arteriolosclerosis can restrict blood flow to the brain, thereby causing neurodegeneration and consequent memory loss [3–5]. Together, this evidence suggests that hypertension is an important risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia [6–9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Pulse and Blood Pressure with Hippocampal Volume by APOE and Cognitive Phenotype: The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)

Ngwa

Fungwe

Ntekim

et al. 2018

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Background: It is increasingly evident that high blood pressure can promote reduction in global and regional brain volumes. While these effects may preferentially affect the hippocampus, reports are inconsistent. Methods: Using data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), we examined the relationships of hippocampal volume to pulse pressure (PPR) and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure according to apolipoprotein (APOE) ɛ4 positivity and cognitive status. The ADNI data included 1,308 participants: Alzheimer disease (AD = 237), late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI = 454), early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI = 254), and cognitively normal (CN = 365), with up to 24 months of follow-up. Results: Higher quartiles of PPR were significantly associated with lower hippocampal volumes (Q1 vs. Q4, p = 0.034) in the CN and AD groups, but with increasing hippocampal volume (Q1, p = 0.008; Q2, p = 0.020; Q3, p = 0.017; Q4 = reference) in the MCI groups. In adjusted stratified analyses among non-APOE ɛ4 carriers, the effects in the CN (Q1 vs. Q4, p = 0.006) and EMCI groups (Q1, p = 0.002; Q2, p = 0.013; Q3, p = 0.002; Q4 = reference) remained statistically significant. Also, higher DBP was significantly associated with higher hippocampal volume (p = 0.002) while higher SBP was significantly associated with decreasing hippocampal volume in the EMCI group (p = 0.015). Conclusion: Changes in PPR, SBP, and DBP differentially influenced hippocampal volumes depending on the cognitive and APOE genotypic categories.

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“…The progression of AD and vascular diseases are highly increased with age [ 40 ]. Studies suggest that cerebrovascular disease and high cholesterol levels may be associated with AD [ 13 , 14 ], and they relate to vascular conditions that are otherwise prominent risk factors for AD in African Americans [ 41 , 42 ]. Therefore, plasma levels for vascular risk factors such as fibrinogen, plasminogen activator/inhibitor (PAI.1), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in aMCI and aged-matched patient cohorts (Additional file 1 : Figure S1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying biomarkers of dementia prevalent among amnestic mild cognitively impaired ethnic female patients

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThere is a need to investigate biomarkers that are indicative of the progression of dementia in ethnic patient populations. The disparity of information in these populations has been the focus of many clinical and academic centers, including ours, to contribute to a higher success rate in clinical trials. In this study, we have investigated plasma biomarkers in amnestic mild cognitively impaired (aMCI) female patient cohorts in the context of ethnicity and cognitive status.MethodA panel of 12 biomarkers involved in the progression of brain pathology, inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders were investigated in female cohorts of African American, Hispanic, and White aMCI patients. Both biochemical and algorithmic analyses were applied to correlate biomarker levels measured during the early stages of the disease for each ethnicity.ResultsWe report elevated plasma Aβ40, Aβ42, YKL-40, and cystatin C levels in the Hispanic cohort at early aMCI status. In addition, elevated plasma Aβ40 levels were associated with the aMCI status in both White and African American patient cohorts by the decision tree algorithm. Eotaxin-1 levels, as determined by the decision tree algorithm and biochemically measured total tau levels, were associated with the aMCI status in the African American cohort.ConclusionsOverall, our data displayed novel differences in the plasma biomarkers of the aMCI female cohorts where the plasma levels of several biomarkers distinguished between each ethnicity at an early aMCI stage. Identification of these plasma biomarkers encourages new areas of investigation among aMCI ethnic populations, including larger patient cohorts and longitudinal study designs.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0211-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Neuroprotection and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease: Role of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, Implications for Dementia Rates, and Prevention with Aerobic Exercise in African Americans

Cited by 18 publications

References 132 publications

Alzheimer’s Disease In African Americans: Risk Factors And Challenges For The Future

Alzheimer’s Disease In African Americans: Risk Factors And Challenges For The Future

Associations of Pulse and Blood Pressure with Hippocampal Volume by APOE and Cognitive Phenotype: The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)

Identifying biomarkers of dementia prevalent among amnestic mild cognitively impaired ethnic female patients

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