Neuroprotection provided by hypothermia initiated with high transnasal flow with ambient air in a model of pediatric cardiac arrest

Abstract

Clinical trials of hypothermia after pediatric cardiac arrest (CA) have not seen robust improvement in functional outcome, possibly because of the long delay in achieving target temperature. Previous work in infant piglets showed that high nasal airflow, which induces evaporative cooling in the nasal mucosa, reduced regional brain temperature uniformly in half the time needed to reduce body temperature. Here, we evaluated whether initiation of hypothermia with high transnasal airflow provides neuroprotection without adverse effects in the setting of asphyxic CA. Anesthetized piglets underwent sham-operated procedures (n=7) or asphyxic CA with normothermic recovery (38.5°C; n=9) or hypothermia initiated by surface cooling at 10 (n=8) or 120 (n=7) minutes or transnasal cooling initiated at 10 (n=7) or 120 (n=7) minutes after resuscitation. Hypothermia was sustained at 34°C with surface cooling until 20 hours followed by 6 hours of rewarming. At four days of recovery, significant neuronal loss occurred in putamen and sensorimotor cortex. Transnasal cooling initiated at 10 minutes significantly rescued the number of viable neurons in putamen, whereas levels in putamen in other hypothermic groups remained less than sham levels. In sensorimotor cortex, neuronal viability in the four hypothermic groups was not significantly different from the sham group. These results demonstrate that early initiation of high transnasal airflow in a pediatric CA model is effective in protecting vulnerable brain regions. Because of its simplicity, portability, and low cost, transnasal cooling potentially could be deployed in the field or emergency room for early initiation of brain cooling after pediatric CA.