Neuroprotective Effect of Cudrania tricuspidata Fruit Extracts on Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment

Abstract

Cudrania tricuspidata has diverse biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. This study investigated the protective effects of C. tricuspidata fruit extracts (CTFE) against scopolamine (SCO)-induced neuron impairment. The neuroprotective effects of CTFE on SCO-induced memory dysfunction were confirmed in mice using the Barnes maze test. The results showed that co-treatment of SCO and CTFE increased the stay time in the target zone compared with SCO treatment alone. Similarly, the results obtained by the fear conditioning test revealed that SCO-CTFE co-treatment induced the freezing action time under both the contextual fear condition and the cued fear condition compared with SCO treatment alone. Moreover, we showed that CTFE reduced the SCO-induced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, thereby increasing the acetylcholine concentration in mice hippocampal tissues. Consistent with the improvement of memory and recognition function in vivo, our in vitro results showed that CTFE induced cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity in PC12 cells and reduced SCO-induced AChE activity. In addition, the microarray results of the hippocampal tissue support our data showing that CTFE affects gene expressions associated with neurogenesis and neuronal cell differentiation markers such as spp1 and klk6. Overall, CTFE exerts a neuroprotective effect via regulation of the CREB and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and could be a therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.

Inhibitory Effects of 6,8-Diprenylorobol on Endometriosis Progression in Humans by Disrupting Calcium Homeostasis and Mitochondrial Function

“…The proliferation assay was performed using the BrdU ELISA kit (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and as described in a previous study [ 12 ]. Concisely, cells were cultured in a 96-well plate, and endometriosis cells were incubated with dose-dependent 6,8-diprenylorobol in a maximum volume of 100 μL/well for 48 h. After BrdU labeling, the cells were fixed, and anti-BrdU-POD was added for 90 min.…”

“…In addition, the study showed anticancer effects in breast and colorectal cancer [ 9 , 10 ]. Another study showed that it has neuroprotective and cytoprotective effects [ 11 , 12 ]. Through this, a study was conducted to find out the effect of 6,8-diprenylorobol, which is one of the Cudrania tricuspidata extracts showing various effects.…”

Effect of ivabradine on cognitive functions of rats with scopolamine-induced dementia

“…Sco is an antimuscarinics, which works by blocking the acetylcholine (inhibitor) in the central nervous system (CNS) 42 . It impairs learning and memory through increasing activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and lipid peroxidation with a concomitant decrease in levels of nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), SOD, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and catalase activities 43 .…”

Effect of Cocos nucifera L. Water on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in the Wistar Rat

“…Therefore, SCO has been utilized to design trial models to investigate the restorative benefits of dementia drugs. Additionally, in the cortex and hippocampus, SCO is believed to increase the amount of AChE, and it has been used to investigate anti-dementia dietary interventions, such as aged foods (Weon et al 2013), tonic drinks (Sakata et al 2005), and organic foods (Jee et al 2020). One of humans' most economical yet important trees is Cocos nucifera L. (coconut) (Huang et al 2013).…”