Neuroprotective effect of individual ginsenosides on astrocytes primary culture

López, Miguel Ángel; Cuadrado, M. Pilar Gómez-Serranillos; Palomino, O.M.; Fresno, Ángel Ma Villar Del; Accame, Ma Emilia Carretero

doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.06.008

Cited by 93 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In accordance with the previous results, ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rd, Re and Rg1 improve GPx activity significantly in astrocytes and ginsenoside Rd increases GPx activity in aging mice, indicating that ginsenosides attenuate oxidative damage and reduce ROS formation via GPx activity [27,42]. As shown in Figs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…They can enhance immunity and central cholinergic system function, inhibit the generation of free radicals and nitrogen oxide and promote the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo [24]. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Re and Rg1 have been proven effective in reducing cell death due to H2O2 treatment and reduced ROS formation in astrocytes [25]. Ginsenoside Rd protects cultured proximal tubule cells against destruction of the cell membrane resulting from hypoxia-reoxygeneration [26,27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Ginsenosides on Organogenesis and Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase Genes in Cultured Rat Embryos

Lee

Kim

Yon

et al. 2008

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract. Ginseng has been extensively used around the world for several thousand years as a food or drug. However, recently, several reports have indicated that the organogenesis of cultured embryos is inhibited by treatment with ginsenoside, the principal component of ginseng. In this study, we evaluated the morphological changes of embryos and the gene expression patterns of antioxidant enzymes, 3 types of glutathione peroxidases [GPx; cytosolic (cGPx), plasma (pGPx) and phospholipid hydroperoxide (phGPx) forms], in cultured rat embryos (embryonic days 9.5-11.5) exposed to ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Re and Rc at levels of 5, 50 and 100 μg/ml. With regard to total morphological scores, no significant differences were noted in the embryos exposed to all doses of ginsenosides, with the exception of 50 μg/ ml of Rc. In the cultured embryos exposed to Rg1, a majority of the developmental parameters were normal, but growth of the hind-and mid-brains and the caudal neural tube was significantly increased compared with that observed in the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, Rc significantly enhanced the growth of a variety of developmental parameters in the cultured embryos, with the exception of the hindlimbs. According to the results of our semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis, the levels of cGPx and phGPx mRNA in the cultured embryos were unaffected by treatment with the ginsenosides. However, the levels of pGPx mRNA increased significantly in the embryos treated with ginsenosides Re, Rc and Rb1 compared with the control group (P<0.05). These findings indicate that ginsenosides may exert a stimulatory effect on the growth of embryos via differential expression of GPx genes. Key words: Ginsenoside, Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Rat, Whole embryo culture (J. Reprod. Dev. 54: [164][165][166][167][168][169][170] 2008) inseng, the root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), is one of the most popular herbs and is utilized in a variety of ways in traditional and herbal medicine to extend the human lifespan. The majority of pharmacological actions of ginseng have been attributed to ginsenosides and have been previously demonstrated in the central nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine and immune systems. In humans, ginseng and its constituents have been demonstrated to exert anti-neoplastic, anti-stress and antioxidant effects [1].Ginsenosides are generally divided into two groups on the basis of the type of aglycone, the panaxadiol and panaxatriol groups. Whereas the ginsenosides of the panaxadiol group with 20S-protopanaxadiol as a glycone consist principally of Ra, Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd, those of the panaxatriol group with 20S-protopanaxatriol as an aglycone consist primarily of Re, Rf, Rg1 and Rg2 [2,3].Ginseng is commonly used during pregnancy in humans as a nutritive supplement. In a recent survey, it was reported that 9.1% of pregnant women utilize herbal supplements, including ginseng [4,5]. However, there have only been a few studies conducted conce...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ginsenosides on Organogenesis and Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase Genes in Cultured Rat Embryos

Lee

Kim

Yon

et al. 2008

Journal of Reproduction and Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous studies had shown that LPS induced ROS generation, which was mediated in part by direct interaction of TLR4 with Nox4. 25) López et al 26) found that ginsenoside Rg1 decreased ROS formation on astrocytes primary culture. Recently, similar results had been demonstrated in cardiomyocytes, 27) MES23.5 cells, 28) and human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 on Astrocytes and Cerebral Ischemic-Reperfusion Mice

Sun¹,

Lai²,

Huang³

et al. 2014

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), one of the active ingredients in Panax ginseng, has been known to regulate many cellular processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Rg1 on apoptosis in mouse cultured astrocytes in vitro and a mouse model of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in vivo. The cell apoptosis was measured by fluorescence microplate reader and xCELLigence system and the Ca 2 overload was recorded by confocal microscopy. The mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by flow cytometry. BALB/c mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and randomly divided into four groups: Sham (sham-operated 0.9% saline), MCAO (MCAO 0.9% saline), Rg1-L (MCAO Rg1 20 mg/kg) and Rg1-H (MCAO Rg1 40 mg/kg). Neurological deficit scores, brain water content and infarct volume were evaluated at 24 h after reperfusion. The results showed that Rg1 significantly attenuated H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis in astrocytes. Rg1 efficiently inhibited intracellular Ca 2 overload, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and ROS production in astrocytes. In vivo study, it was also observed that Rg1 markedly reduced the neurological deficit scores, brain edema, and infarct volume in the model mice. These results suggest that Rg1 possesses significant neuroprotective effects, which might be related to the prevention of astrocytes from apoptosis.

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“…Despite these findings, a limited number of studies have been performed in brain and neuronal cells. Ginseng extract or ginsenosides have been shown to protect astroor ginsenosides have been shown to protect astrohave been shown to protect astrocytes grown in primary culture [12,13]. In other studies, ginseng total saponin protected human neuroblastoma cells from cyclosporine A-induced calcineurin inhibifrom cyclosporine A-induced calcineurin inhibifrom cyclosporine A-induced calcineurin inhibition and tau hyperphosphorylation [14], and improved depression caused by forced swim and chronic stress [15].…”

Section: Anti-apoptotic Effects Of Red Ginseng On Oxidative Stress Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-apoptotic Effects of Red Ginseng on Oxidative Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in SK-N-SH Cells

Kim¹,

Lee²,

Kim³

et al. 2010

Journal of Ginseng Research

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has been shown to have anti-stress effects in animal studies. However, most studies have only managed to detect altered levels of biomarkers or enzymes in blood or tissue, and the actual molecular mechanisms by which ginseng exerts these effects remain unknown. In this study, the anti-oxidative effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) was examined in human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. Incubation of SK-N-SH cells with the oxidative stressor hydrogen peroxide resulted in significant induction of cell death. In contrast, pre-treatment of cells with KRG decreased cell death significantly. To elucidate underlying mechanisms by which KRG inhibited cell death, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was examined by Western blot analysis. KRG pre-treatment decreased the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene caspase-3, whereas it increased expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2. Consistent with this, immunoblot analysis showed that pre-treatment of the SK-N-SH cells with KRG inhibited expression of the pro-inflammatory gene cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). RT-PCR analysis revealed that the repression of COX-2 expression by KRG pre-treatment occurred at the mRNA level. Taken together, our data indicate that KRG can protect against oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death by repressing genes that mediate apoptosis and inflammation.

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Neuroprotective effect of individual ginsenosides on astrocytes primary culture

Cited by 93 publications

References 58 publications

Effects of Ginsenosides on Organogenesis and Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase Genes in Cultured Rat Embryos

Effects of Ginsenosides on Organogenesis and Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase Genes in Cultured Rat Embryos

Protective Effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 on Astrocytes and Cerebral Ischemic-Reperfusion Mice

Anti-apoptotic Effects of Red Ginseng on Oxidative Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in SK-N-SH Cells

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