Lipid
peroxidation (LP) leads to changes in the fluidity and permeability
of cell membranes, affecting normal cellular function and potentially
triggering apoptosis or necrosis. This process is closely correlated
with the onset of many diseases. Evidence suggests that the phenolic
hydroxyl groups in food-borne plant polyphenols (FPPs) make them effective
antioxidants capable of preventing diseases triggered by cell membrane
LP. Proper dietary intake of FPPs can attenuate cellular oxidative
stress, especially damage to cell membrane phospholipids, by activating
the Nrf2/GPx4 pathway. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is
an oxidative stress antagonist. The signaling pathway regulated by
Nrf2 is a defense transduction pathway of the organism against external
stimuli such as reactive oxygen species and exogenous chemicals. Glutathione
peroxidase 4 (GPx4), under the regulation of Nrf2, is the only enzyme
that reduces cell membrane lipid peroxides with specificity, thus
playing a pivotal role in regulating cellular ferroptosis and counteracting
oxidative stress. This study explored the Nrf2/GPx4 pathway mechanism,
antioxidant activity of FPPs, and mechanism of LP. It also highlighted
the bioprotective properties of FPPs against LP and its associated
mechanisms, including (i) activation of the Nrf2/GPx4 pathway, with
GPx4 potentially serving as a central target protein, (ii) regulation
of antioxidant enzyme activities, leading to a reduction in the production
of ROS and other peroxides, and (iii) antioxidant effects on LP and
downstream phospholipid structure. In conclusion, FPPs play a crucial
role as natural antioxidants in preventing LP. However, further in-depth
analysis of FPPs coregulation of multiple signaling pathways is required,
and the combined effects of these mechanisms need further evaluation
in experimental models. Human trials could provide valuable insights
into new directions for research and application.