Neuroprotective Effect of Steamed and Fermented Codonopsis lanceolata

Abstract

Codonopsis lanceolata has been used as an herbal medicine for several lung inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, tonsillitis, and pharyngitis. Previously, we showed the neuroprotective effect of steamed and fermented C. lanceolata (SFC) in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, the treatment of HT22 cells with SFC decreased glutamate-induced cell death, suggesting that SFC protected HT22 cells from glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. Based on these, we sought to elucidate the mechanisms of the neuro-protective effect of SFC by measuring the oxidative stress parameters and the expression of Bax and caspase-3 in HT22 cells. SFC reduced contents of ROS, Ca2+ and NO. Moreover, SFC restored contents of glutathione and glutathione reductase as well as inhibited Bax and caspase-3 activity in HT22 cells. These results indicate that steamed and fermented C. lanceolata (SFC) extract protected HT22 cells by anti-oxidative effect and inhibition of the expression of Bax and caspase-3.

Enhancement of Chlorophyll a Production from Marine Spirulina maxima by an Optimized Ultrasonic Extraction Process

“…These neuroprotective activities were found to be better than those of other natural resources such as Aronia melanocarpa and Codonopsis lanceolata [31,32]. First, Figure 3 demonstrates that higher amounts of chlorophyll a reflect better neuroprotective activities of the extract from optimal extraction conditions than from a conventional ethanol extraction at high temperature and with a long process time.…”

“…In particular, the extract from the optimal conditions enhanced the growth of the glutamate-induced mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line compared to that from a conventional ethanol process: 90.71 ± 2.13% vs. 73.01 ± 0.03% of the cell growth protection for the control with the addition of 100 (μg/mL) of the extracts. As shown in Figure 4, the extract from the optimal conditions also greatly reduced the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) from the glutamate-induced mouse hippocampal neuronal cells compared to the same amount of the extract from a conventional ethanol extraction because the increase of ROS production is very closely related to oxidative stress within the cells and also indicates the lowest neuroprotective activity [31,32]. These neuroprotective activities were found to be better than those of other natural resources such as Aronia melanocarpa and Codonopsis lanceolata [31,32].…”

“…As shown in Figure 4, the extract from the optimal conditions also greatly reduced the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) from the glutamate-induced mouse hippocampal neuronal cells compared to the same amount of the extract from a conventional ethanol extraction because the increase of ROS production is very closely related to oxidative stress within the cells and also indicates the lowest neuroprotective activity [31,32]. These neuroprotective activities were found to be better than those of other natural resources such as Aronia melanocarpa and Codonopsis lanceolata [31,32]. As shown in Figure 4, the extract from the optimal conditions also greatly reduced the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) from the glutamate-induced mouse hippocampal neuronal cells compared to the same amount of the extract from a conventional ethanol extraction because the increase of ROS production is very closely related to oxidative stress within the cells and also indicates the lowest neuroprotective activity [31,32].…”

A Review of Fermented Foods with Beneficial Effects on Brain and Cognitive Function

“…Additionally, treatment with SFCE reduced glutamate-induced ROS accumulation, Ca 2+ influx, and nitric oxide (NO) formation in HT22 cells. SFCE upregulated the antioxidant enzyme’s activity, and potentially ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting Bax and caspase-3 expression in the hippocampal-derived cell line (48). …”

Effect of elicited by methyl jasmonate on the saponin contents of Codonopsis lanceolata

“…뿐만 아니라 급성대장염 (Joh et al 2010)과 항염증을 완화시키며 (Xu et al 2008), 기억 력과 학습결핍장애의 개선 (Jung et al 2012) 및 증숙더덕 의 추출물이 인지능력 개선에 효과가 있다고 알려져 있 다 (Weon et al 2014). 식물의 2차대사물질은 영양의 고갈이나 환경의 변화 또는 미생물에 의한 오염과 같은 스트레스를 받을 때 축 적되기 시작하는 경향이 있다.…”