Neuroprotective effects of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol against glutamate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells

Bak, Dong‐Ho; Kim, Hyung Don; Kim, Young Ock; Park, Chun Geun; Han, Seung‐Yun; Kim, Jwa-Jin

doi:10.3892/ijmm.2015.2440

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In old rats following acute lead (Pb) exposure, ginsenoside Rd reduces of microglial activation and maintains of neural stem cells proliferation [ 61 , 88 - 90 ]. PPD, the main intestinal metabolite of ginsenosides, is one of the active ingredients in ginseng, exert neuroprotective effect by triggering antioxidant activation and promoting mitochondrial function that in turn suppress apoptosis to maintain regular neurological activity [ 91 ].…”

Section: Anti-aging Properties Of Ginsengmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginseng: An Nonnegligible Natural Remedy for Healthy Aging

Yang¹,

Ren²,

Zhang³

et al. 2017

Aging and disease

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Aging is an irreversible physiological process that affects all humans. Numerous theories have been proposed to regarding the process from a Western medicine perspective; however, ancient Chinese medicine practices and theories have increasingly gained attention, particularly ginseng, a grass that has been studied for the anti-aging properties of its active constituents. This review seeks to analyze current data on ginseng and its anti-aging properties. The plant species, characteristics, and active ingredients will be introduced. The main part of this review is focused on ginseng and its active components with regards to their effects on prolonging lifespan, the regulation of multiple organ systems including cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and skin, as well as the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The molecular mechanisms of these properties elucidated via various studies are summarized as further evidence of the anti-aging effects of ginseng.

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Section: Anti-aging Properties Of Ginsengmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginseng: An Nonnegligible Natural Remedy for Healthy Aging

Yang¹,

Ren²,

Zhang³

et al. 2017

Aging and disease

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show abstract

“…Ginseng is well known in China and other countries for its therapeutic effects on cardiovascular diseases (Sukrittanon, Watanapa, & Ruamyod, ), cerebrovascular diseases (Bak etal. , ), endocrine system diseases (Shishtar etal. , ), inflammation (Lee etal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ginseng is well known in China and other countries for its therapeutic effects on cardiovascular diseases (Sukrittanon, Watanapa, & Ruamyod, 2014), cerebrovascular diseases (Bak et al, 2015), endocrine system diseases (Shishtar et al, 2014), inflammation (Lee et al, 2015) and cancer (Wang et al, 2015), etc. Ginsenosides are known to be the main efficacious compounds of ginseng.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of an UPLC‐Q/TOF‐MS assay for the quantitation of neopanaxadiol in beagle dog plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study

Geng

Wang

et al. 2016

Biomedical Chromatography

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Neopanaxadiol (NPD), the main panaxadiol constituent of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae), has been regarded as the active component for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, few references are available about pharmacokinetic evaluation for NPD. Accordingly, a rapid and sensitive method for quantitative analysis of NPD in beagle dog plasma based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed and validated. Analytes were extracted from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Zorbax Stable Bond C column. Detection was performed in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring of the transitions both at m/z 461.4 → 425.4 for NPD and internal standard of panaxadiol. All validation parameters, such as lower limit of quantitation, linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability, were within acceptable ranges and the method was appropriate for multitude sample determination. After oral intake, NPD was slowly absorbed and eliminated from circulatory blood system and corresponding plasma exposure was low. Application of this quantitative method will yield the first pharmacokinetic profile after oral administration of NPD to beagle dog. The information obtained here will be useful to understand the pharmacological effects of NPD.

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“…Apoptosis signals initially lead to the enhancement of mitochondrial permeability and the loss of ∆ψm. Cyt C is then translocated into the cytosol and caspase-3/9 is activated to induce cell apoptosis ( 33 , 34 ). The depolarization of ∆ψm, mitochondria swelling, the increase of malondialdehyde and ROS, and the decrease of superoxide dismutase are the characteristics of mitochondrial dysfunction ( 35 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allicin protects against H2O2-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells via the mitochondrial pathway

et al. 2017

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Allicin is a major bioactive ingredient of garlic and has a broad range of biological activities. Allicin has been reported to protect against cell apoptosis induced by H2O2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The present study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of allicin on the H2O2-induced apoptosis of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells in vitro and explored the underlying mechanism involved. PC12 cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of allicin and the toxic effect of allicin was measured by MTT assay. The cells were pretreated for 24 h with low dose (L-), medium dose (M-) and high dose (H-) of allicin, followed by exposure to 200 µM H2O2 for 2 h, and the cell viability was examined by MTT assay. In addition, cell apoptosis rate was analyzed by Annexin V-FITC/PI assay, while intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (∆ψm) were measured by flow cytometry. Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved-caspase-3 and cytochrome c (Cyt C) in the mitochondria were also examined by western blotting. The results demonstrated that 0.01 µg/ml (L-allicin), 0.1 µg/ml (M-allicin) and 1 µg/ml (H-allicin) were non-toxic doses of allicin. Furthermore, H2O2 reduced cell viability, promoted cell apoptosis, induced ROS production and decreased ∆ψm. However, allicin treatment reversed the effect of H2O2 in a dose-dependent manner. It was also observed that H2O2 exposure significantly decreased Bcl-2 and mitochondrial Cyt C, while it increased Bax and cleaved-caspase-3, which were attenuated by allicin pretreatment. The results revealed that allicin protected PC12 cells from H2O2-induced cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, suggesting the potential neuroprotective effect of allicin against neurological diseases.

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Neuroprotective effects of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol against glutamate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells

Cited by 35 publications

References 56 publications

Ginseng: An Nonnegligible Natural Remedy for Healthy Aging

Ginseng: An Nonnegligible Natural Remedy for Healthy Aging

Development and validation of an UPLC‐Q/TOF‐MS assay for the quantitation of neopanaxadiol in beagle dog plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study

Allicin protects against H2O2-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells via the mitochondrial pathway

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