Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Mediated the Relationship Between Odor Identification and Cognition in Alzheimer's Disease Spectrum: A Structural Equation Model Analysis

Abstract

Background: Odor identification dysfunction is an early predictor of the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), which are common in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), are also associated with odor identification dysfunction. Whether NPS affect the specificity of using odor identification dysfunction to predict cognitive decline in AD and MCI remains unclear.Methods: Patients (233 with MCI and 45 with AD) and 45 healthy controls (HCs) underwent assessments of odor identification (Sniffin' Sticks), NPS (Neuropsychiatric Inventory-12), and cognitive function (global cognition, memory, language, executive function, visual-spatial skill, and attention). Structural equation modeling (SEM) with bootstrapping estimation was conducted to explore the relationships between odor identification, NPS, and cognition.Results: Patients with NPS showed significantly worse performance in odor identification and cognition than patients without NPS and HCs. The SEM showed odor identification to be positively associated with cognition, and cognition had special indirect effects on odor identification through affective and psychosis symptoms (two factors extracted from Neuropsychiatric Inventory-12). Additionally, affective and psychosis symptoms partially mediated the effect of cognition on odor identification.Conclusion: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are associated with odor identification dysfunction in patients with AD and MCI. Studies exploring the relationship between odor identification dysfunction and cognitive decline in patients with AD and MCI should include an assessment of affective and psychosis symptoms, and adjust their confounding effects.

[Retracted] A Spatial Spectrum Estimation Method for Optimization and Improvement of Resource Allocation and Management of Public Sport and Health Facilities

“…In recent years, some scholars have analyzed the allocation and management of public sport facilities resources, combined with the characteristics of public sport facilities resources, mined the data characteristics of customers by Python and the spatial spectrum estimation method, and put forward the optimization algorithm for the allocation and management of public sport facilities resources [ 5 ]. Scholars also use the clustering method to estimate the spatial distribution and management of public facilities and reduce the dispersion of sport resources [ 6 ].…”

Olfactory Dysfunction as a Marker for Cognitive Impairment in General Paresis of the Insane: A Clinical Study

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that affective symptoms and psychosis symptoms are associated with olfactory dysfunction in patients with AD [ 36 ], major depressive disorder [ 7 ], schizophrenia [ 12 ], and bipolar disorder [ 9 ]. There was no correlation between olfactory function and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with GPI.…”

Primary Hypothyroidism and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Tale of Two

“…AD prodromal symptoms are loss of short-term memory with conservation of long-term memory. Progressive deterioration of executive function and motivation disorders are also developed (Wang et al 2022 ). A range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including agitation, olfactory dysfunction, dyspraxia, sleep disorders, and motor dysfunctions are developed during AD neuropathology (Yu et al 2021 ; Zhang et al 2022 ).…”