Neuropsychiatric Treatments for Parkinson's Disease: Nonpharmacological Approaches

Abstract

Although diagnosed by characteristic motor features, Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders are frequently accompanied by a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms that require a multidisciplinary approach for treatment. Neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety and cognitive symptoms strongly influence quality of life, motor symptoms, and non-motor bodily symptoms. This review summarizes our current understanding of the neuropsychiatric symptoms in movement disorders and discusses the evidence base for treatments focusing on rehabilitation and nonpharmacological approaches. A practical approach is then proposed for patient selection for specific treatments based on disease stage. The article focuses mostly on Parkinson's disease as a prototypical movement disorder with the largest evidence base but the principles discussed herein are applicable to a range of other movement disorders.

Exosomes in brain diseases: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets

“…The occurrence of neuropsychiatric disorders is increasing day by day, 293 but there are limitations in diagnosis, 294 , 295 limited means of treatment, and unsafe drugs. 296 , 297 , 298 Naturally derived biological humoral exosomes possess specific biomolecules that can be used as a “signature” of parent cells to reflect changes in their contents under pathological conditions. The occurrence and pathophysiological mechanism of the disease can be understood by detecting its changing contents.…”