Neuropsychological Deficits in Withdrawn Cocaine-Dependent Males

Smelson, David A.; Roy, Alec; Santana, Sandra Lissett Cortés; Engelhart, Charles

doi:10.1081/ada-100101867

Cited by 41 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Impaired performances on such response reversal measures such as the Wisconsin card sorting task (WCST) (Ardila et al, 1991;Beatty et al, 1995;Rosselli et al, 2001) and the trail making test (Trails B) (Beatty et al, 1995;Rosselli et al, 2001;Smelson et al, 1999;Strickland et al, 1993) have been demonstrated in cocaine-addicted subjects relative to controls. Although the preclinical literature does not presently provide a link between set-shifting deficits following cocaine administration and alterations in cholinergic systems, recent work from our clinical laboratory suggests such a connection (B Adinoff et al, unpublished).…”

Section: Acetylcholine and Prefrontal Cortical Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Acetylcholine in Cocaine Addiction

Williams

Adinoff²

2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

164

138

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Central nervous system cholinergic neurons arise from several discrete sources, project to multiple brain regions, and exert specific effects on reward, learning, and memory. These processes are critical for the development and persistence of addictive disorders. Although other neurotransmitters, including dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin, have been the primary focus of drug research to date, a growing preclinical literature reveals a critical role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the experience and progression of drug use. This review will present and integrate the findings regarding the role of ACh in drug dependence, with a primary focus on cocaine and the muscarinic ACh system. Mesostriatal ACh appears to mediate reinforcement through its effect on reward, satiation, and aversion, and chronic cocaine administration produces neuroadaptive changes in the striatum. ACh is further involved in the acquisition of conditional associations that underlie cocaine self-administration and context-dependent sensitization, the acquisition of associations in conditioned learning, and drug procurement through its effects on arousal and attention. Long-term cocaine use may induce neuronal alterations in the brain that affect the ACh system and impair executive function, possibly contributing to the disruptions in decision making that characterize this population. These primarily preclinical studies suggest that ACh exerts a myriad of effects on the addictive process and that persistent changes to the ACh system following chronic drug use may exacerbate the risk of relapse during recovery. Ultimately, ACh modulation may be a potential target for pharmacological treatment interventions in cocaine-addicted subjects. However, the complicated neurocircuitry of the cholinergic system, the multiple ACh receptor subtypes, the confluence of excitatory and inhibitory ACh inputs, and the unique properties of the striatal cholinergic interneurons suggest that a precise target of cholinergic manipulation will be required to impact substance use in the clinical population.

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Section: Acetylcholine and Prefrontal Cortical Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Acetylcholine in Cocaine Addiction

Williams

Adinoff²

2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

164

138

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Cerebellar dysfunction may result in neuropsychological deficits as well as impairments in fine motor control that have been observed in cocaine abusers (Gottwald et al, 2004;Hester and Garavan, 2004;Smelson et al, 1999). Yet, to date, there have been no imaging studies suggesting the presence of cerebellar structural abnormalities in cocaine-dependent humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar Gray Matter Volume Correlates with Duration of Cocaine Use in Cocaine-Dependent Subjects

Sim

Lyoo

Streeter

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

167

119

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This study was conducted to explore differences in gray and white matter volume between cocaine-dependent and healthy comparison subjects using optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological function tests were performed for 40 cocaine-dependent subjects (41.476.9 years, 27 men) and 41 healthy age-and sex-matched comparison subjects (38.778.8 years, 26 men). Optimally normalized whole brain MR images were segmented, modulated, smoothed, and compared between groups with statistical parametric mapping. The cocaine-dependent group had lower gray matter volumes in bilateral premotor cortex (Brodmann area (BA) 6, 8; 16.6%), right orbitofrontal cortex (BA 10, 15.1%), bilateral temporal cortex (BA 20, 38; 15.9%), left thalamus (12.6%), and bilateral cerebellum (13.4%) as well as lower right cerebellar white matter volume (10.0%) relative to the comparison group at a corrected po0.05 for multiple comparisons. Duration of cocaine use negatively correlated with right and left cerebellar gray matter volumes (r ¼ À0.37, r ¼ À0.39, respectively). In cocaine-dependent subjects, lower cerebellar hemispheric gray and white matter volumes were correlated with deficits in executive function and decreased motor performance. This study reports that cocaine-dependent subjects have lower gray matter volumes in cerebellar hemispheres as well as in frontal, temporal cortex, and thalamus. These findings are the first to suggest that the cerebellum may be vulnerable to cocaine-associated brain volume changes, and that cerebellar deficits may contribute to neuropsychological deficits and motor dysfunction frequently observed in cocaine-dependent subjects.

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“…1 Neuropsychologically, cocaine-dependent patients demonstrate a mild to moderate degree of impairment in such cognitive areas as attention, working memory, learning and memory, and executive functions. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] These impairments have been linked in some, 8,11 but not in all, 7 studies to functional and morphological alterations in (pre)frontal brain regions. 6,9,11 Constructional tasks, such as drawing various figures and shapes, are other neuropsychological assessment tools that are particularly sensitive for detection of early or subtle brain damage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired Reproduction of Three-Dimensional Objects by Cocaine-Dependent Subjects

Elman¹,

Won²,

Gurvits³

et al. 2008

JNP

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This study employed a perceptual-motor task of figure copying in 27 cocaine-dependent, 26 marijuana-abusing or dependent, and 33 healthy subjects. Cocaine-dependent and healthy individuals did not differ in their scores on the copying of a two-dimensional diamond and a cross. In contrast, cocaine-dependent subjects displayed significantly poorer ability to copy a three-dimensional Necker cube, a smoking pipe, a hidden line elimination cube, a pyramid, and a dissected pyramid. Marijuana users' performance on all copied figures was comparable to that of the healthy comparison subjects. Considering that decreased three-dimensional copying ability has been found to be associated with fatal injuries, further studies are needed to investigate possible underlying mechanisms (e.g., parietal lobe damage) and their role in the pathophysiology of cocaine dependence.

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Neuropsychological Deficits in Withdrawn Cocaine-Dependent Males

Cited by 41 publications

References 6 publications

The Role of Acetylcholine in Cocaine Addiction

The Role of Acetylcholine in Cocaine Addiction

Cerebellar Gray Matter Volume Correlates with Duration of Cocaine Use in Cocaine-Dependent Subjects

Impaired Reproduction of Three-Dimensional Objects by Cocaine-Dependent Subjects

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