Neuropsychological Evaluation in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Tourette’s Syndrome

Osmon, David C.; Smerz, Jessica

doi:10.1177/0145445505279380

Cited by 39 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The cognitive deficits exhibited by patients with TS are clearly not as striking as those shown by other patient groups with frontostriatal dysfunction [88], such as patients with Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease. This may be because these disorders reflect different patterns of dysfunction affecting different frontostriatal pathways, in addition to the fact that the latter two disorders are degenerative and TS is not.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Neuropsychological aspects of Tourette syndrome: A review

Eddy

Rizzo

Cavanna

2009

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

109

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Neuropsychological aspects of Tourette syndrome: A review

Eddy

Rizzo

Cavanna

2009

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

109

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Section: Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such disturbances are reflected in structural abnormalities of the basal ganglia and frontal cortex (Fredericksen et al, 2002;Kates et al, 2002;Ludolph et al, 2006) and in abnormal levels of dopamine, a crucial neurotransmitter crucial in frontal/basal-ganglia circuits (for review and discussion, see Albin, 2006;Kienast & Heinz, 2006;Mink, 2006;Rauch & Savage, 1997;Singer & Wendlandt, 2001). The frontal/basal-ganglia abnormalities are thought to result in decreased inhibition of frontal activity, leading to a hyperkinetic behavioral profile and an inability to suppress tics (Albin & Mink, 2006;Osmon & Smerz, 2005).Language in Tourette's syndrome has not been thoroughly examined. Whereas much attention has focused on vocal tics (Frank, 1978;Gates et al, 2004;Goldenburg, Brown, & Weiner, 1994;Lang, Consky, & Sandor, 1993;Martindale, 1976;Peterson et al, 1998;Serra-Mestres, Robertson, & Shetty, 1998;Singer, 1997;Van Borsel & Vanryckeghem, 2000;Woods, Watson, Wolfe, Twohig, & Friman, 2001), few studies have investigated non-tic-related language.…”

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confidence: 99%

Speeded processing of grammar and tool knowledge in Tourette's syndrome

2007

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Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a developmental disorder characterized by motor and verbal tics. The tics, which are fast and involuntary, result from frontal/basal-ganglia abnormalities that lead to unsuppressed behaviors. Language has not been carefully examined in TS. We tested the processing of two basic aspects of language: idiosyncratic and rule-governed linguistic knowledge. Evidence suggests that idiosyncratic knowledge (e.g., in irregular past-tense formation; bring-brought) is stored in a mental lexicon that depends on the temporal-lobe-based declarative memory system that also underlies conceptual knowledge. In contrast, evidence suggests that rule-governed combination (e.g., in regular past-tenses; walk + -ed) takes place in a mental grammar that relies on the frontal/ basal-ganglia based procedural memory system, which also underlies motor skills such as how to use a hammer. We found that TS children were significantly faster than typically-developing control children at producing rule-governed past-tenses (slip-slipped, plim-plimmed, bring-bringed) but not irregular and other unpredictable past-tenses (bring-brought, splim-splam). They were also faster than controls at naming pictures of manipulated (hammer) but not non-manipulated (elephant) items. These data were not explained by a wide range of potentially confounding subject-and item-level factors. The results suggest that the processing of procedurally-based knowledge, both of grammar and of manipulated objects, is particularly speeded in TS. The frontal/basal-ganglia abnormalities may thus lead not only to tics, but to a wider range of rapid behaviors, including in the cognitive processing of rule-governed forms in language and other types of procedural knowledge. Keywords procedural memory; morphology; basal ganglia; picture naming; past tense; regular inflection Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a developmental disorder characterized by the presence of verbal and motor tics (APA, 1994). Tics, which may be expressed as "simple" or "complex" motor movements or vocalizations (e.g., "simple" grunting, or "complex" shouting of phrases), are both fast and involuntary (see references below and Tulen, Groeneveld, Romers, De Vries, & Van De Wetering, 2001). The tics appear to be caused by disturbances of the basal-ganglia and closely connected regions of cortex, especially motor and cognitive regions of the frontal lobes (Albin & Mink, 2006;Albin, Young, & Penney, 1989;Bradshaw, 2001;Singer & Wendlandt, *Corresponding author. Address: Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Box 571464, Washington, DC 20057-1464, Tel: (202) Fax: (202) 687-6914, E-mail: michael@georgetown.edu Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note t...

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“…It is characterized by motor tics that are fast, jerky, and repetitive (Lees, 1985;Osmon & Smerz, 2005;Robertson, 2006). Patients also show rapid thinking or tachyphrenia (from Greek tachys "swift"), manifested as quick, witty repartee and increased speed of reactions (Lees, 1985;Sacks, 1990).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thought Speed, Mood, and the Experience of Mental Motion

Pronin

Jacobs

2008

Perspect Psychol Sci

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ABSTRACT-This article presents a theoretical account relating thought speed to mood and psychological experience. Thought sequences that occur at a fast speed generally induce more positive affect than do those that occur slowly. Thought speed constitutes one aspect of "mental motion." Another aspect involves thought variability, or the degree to which thoughts in a sequence either vary widely from or revolve closely around a theme. Thought sequences possessing more motion (occurring fast and varying widely) generally produce more positive affect than do sequences possessing little motion (occurring slowly and repetitively). When speed and variability oppose each other, such that one is low and the other is high, predictable psychological states also emerge. For example, whereas slow, repetitive thinking can prompt dejection, fast, repetitive thinking can prompt anxiety. This distinction is related to the fact that fast thinking involves greater actual and felt energy than slow thinking does. Effects of mental motion occur independent of the specific content of thought. Their consequences for mood and energy hold psychotherapeutic relevance. Perspectives on Psychological Science -November 2008 -In PressSometimes it's not what we are thinking about, but the speed at which we are thinking that is most noteworthy. After having one too many cups of coffee or when learning about an exciting new idea, we might feel our minds racing. In contrast, during a bout of writer's block or a brush with depression, we might feel our thoughts slowed to a halt. These alterations in thought speed may be accompanied by alterations in mood; for example, feelings of exhilaration may accompany moments of fast thinking. The account offered in this article provides one explanation for such relationships between mood and thought speed-it suggests that alterations in thought speed cause alterations in mood.Thought speed can be viewed as one element of a more general concept of mental motion. Another element is thought variability, or the extent to which one's thought sequences end with propositions that either vary widely from or revolve closely around those with which they began. In this article, we provide a systematic account of the effects of thought speed and variability (collectively termed mental motion) on psychological experience. This account can be summarized by four main principles:1. The principle of thought speed. Fast thinking, which involves many thoughts per unit time, generally produces positive affect. Slow thinking, which involves few thoughts per unit time, generally produces less positive affect. At the extremes of thought speed, racing thoughts can elicit feelings of mania, and sluggish thoughts can elicit feelings of depression. The principle of thought variability.Varied thinking generally produces positive affect, whereas repetitive thinking generally produces negative affect. This principle is derived in part from the speed principle: when thoughts are repetitive, thought speed (thoughts per unit time) diminishes...

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Neuropsychological Evaluation in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Tourette’s Syndrome

Cited by 39 publications

References 85 publications

Neuropsychological aspects of Tourette syndrome: A review

Neuropsychological aspects of Tourette syndrome: A review

Speeded processing of grammar and tool knowledge in Tourette's syndrome

Thought Speed, Mood, and the Experience of Mental Motion

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