Neuropsychological functioning in adolescents with first episode psychosis: A two-year follow-up study

Mayoral, María; Zabala, Arantzazu; Robles, Olalla; Bombín, Igor; Andrés, Patrícia; Parellada, Mara; Moreno, Dolores; Graell, Montserrat; Medina, Oscar; Arango, Celso

doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.1420

Cited by 41 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…We interpret these results as suggesting a large degree of independence between psychopathology and cognitive deficits in EOS both at illness onset and chronic phase. This is consistent with most previous studies [7;11;24;46;81], although not all [53].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Deficient maturation of aspects of attention and executive functions in early onset schizophrenia

Jepsen

Fagerlund

Pagsberg

et al. 2010

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Word count of the Abstract: 220Word count of the text body: 5819 including the revised Appendix A 3 AbstractThe few existing long-term, neuropsychological follow-up studies of early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) patients have reported relative stability in some cognitive functions but abnormal developmental trajectories in verbal memory, set shifting, aspects of attention, and speed of information processing throughout late adolescence into early adulthood. The current 5-year followup study compared the development of specific cognitive functions in EOS patients (N=17) from the time of first-episode to chronic phase with that of healthy controls (N=38) and secondarily to patients with other early-onset, non-organic, non-affective psychoses (EOP) (N=11). Speed of processing of executive functions, set shifting, and attention improved significantly in the healthy controls and reflected continuous functional maturation during late adolescence and early adulthood. The developmental progression of attention and set shifting but not speed of processing of executive functions was significantly subnormal in EOS patients. Other specific cognitive functions that had attained functional maturity in the healthy controls around the time of the baseline assessment showed normal development in EOS patients during the follow-up period, indicating stable cognitive deficits. These results suggest post-onset developmental deficits in two out of the three aspects of attention and executive functions that have protracted maturational trajectories and that overlap the age of onset of EOS. No significant difference in the development of any specific cognitive function was found between the EOS and EOP group.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Deficient maturation of aspects of attention and executive functions in early onset schizophrenia

Jepsen

Fagerlund

Pagsberg

et al. 2010

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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“…This study found that earlier onset corresponds linearly with the severity of the course of the disorder and appears to have some prognostic impact [71]. Young age at onset might have a detrimental effect on outcome because of impact at very crucial times of development and neurobiological maturation in childhood and adolescence, which prove to have more lasting effects in terms of both cognitive and psychosocial impairments [1,32,35,72]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of the long-term outcome of early onset schizophrenia

2012

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BackgroundThe current review analyzes the long-term outcome and prognosis of early onset schizophrenia based on previously published studies in 1980.MethodsA systematic search of articles published in the English-language literature after 1980 identified a total of 21 studies, which included 716 patients who were either suffering from early onset schizophrenia (EOS) or both EOS and other psychotic disorders (MIX). The authors of the current review scored the outcome as either “good,” “moderate,” or “poor.” The mean age of onset in these studies was <18 years.ResultsIn general, the outcome in studies with EOS is worse than the outcome in MIX studies. Only 15.4% of the patients in EOS studies versus 19.6% of the patients in MIX studies experienced a “good” outcome. In contrast, 24.5% of the patients in EOS studies versus 33.6% in MIX studies experienced a “moderate” outcome, and 60.1% in EOS studies versus 46.8% in MIX studies experienced a “poor” outcome. The authors identified various significant effects on outcome. In EOS, the findings were significantly affected by sample attrition, indicating that in studies with a high dropout rate, fewer patients experienced a “moderate” outcome, and more patients experienced a “poor” outcome; however, the effect sizes were small. Furthermore, the effects were also small and more favourable for specific functioning measures, as opposed to more global measures, small to moderate in terms of worse outcomes for follow-up periods >10 years, small to moderate for more unfavourable outcomes in males, and small to large for worse outcomes in studies including patients diagnosed before 1970.ConclusionsIn contrast to the adult manifestation, the early manifestation of schizophrenia in childhood and adolescence still carries a particularly poor prognosis. According to these aggregated data analyses, longer follow-up periods, male sex, and patients having been diagnosed before 1970 contribute predominantly to the rather poor course of EOS.

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“…A recently published controlled longitudinal study found a significant increase in a composite measure of global cognitive function over a 2-year follow-up period in a mixed group of patients with EOS or other psychosis and the control group [37]. Regarding development of intelligence, premorbid intellectual performance deficits aggravate around the time of onset of very early onset schizophrenia also referred to as childhood onset schizophrenia (COS; onset by age 12), and a mean loss of 9.96 FSIQ points has been observed in the period from 2 years before illness onset to 1.7 years after [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Course of intelligence deficits in early onset, first episode schizophrenia: a controlled, 5-year longitudinal study

Jepsen

Fagerlund

Pagsberg

et al. 2009

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Only few prospective longitudinal studies have assessed the course of intelligence deficits in early onset schizophrenia (EOS), and these have used different age appropriate versions of Wechsler Intelligence Scales and age appropriate norms. The post-psychotic development of intelligence in EOS has predominantly been characterized as relatively stable in these studies. However, comparisons of IQs from different test versions based on the different norms may not permit unequivocal interpretations. The objective of the current study was to compare the development of intelligence in EOS patients (N = 10) from their first psychotic episode to 5 years of post onset with that of healthy controls (N = 35) and patients who at baseline had been diagnosed with other non-affective psychoses (N = 8). The same version of a Wechsler Intelligence Scale was administered at both baseline and follow-up assessments, and the same norms were used to derive IQs at baseline and followup. Significantly smaller change in mean full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) was found in diagnostically stable EOS patients compared with healthy controls during the follow-up period. However, no statistically significant difference in mean FSIQ change was observed between patients with EOS and patients with other non-affective psychoses, although this result must be interpreted with caution due to the small sample sizes. The results suggest abnormally slow acquisition of new intellectual information and skills in EOS patients during the first 5 years after full clinical presentation.

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Neuropsychological functioning in adolescents with first episode psychosis: A two-year follow-up study

Cited by 41 publications

References 48 publications

Deficient maturation of aspects of attention and executive functions in early onset schizophrenia

Deficient maturation of aspects of attention and executive functions in early onset schizophrenia

A systematic review of the long-term outcome of early onset schizophrenia

Course of intelligence deficits in early onset, first episode schizophrenia: a controlled, 5-year longitudinal study

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