Neuroscience: When perceptual learning occurs

Sasaki, Yuka; Watanabe, Takeo

doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0048

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Then, mean GFP per microstate was computed by averaging across the time points to which this microstate was assigned. As it takes 30 ms for a visual signal to reach the visual cortex (Sasaki and Watanabe, 2017), statistical analyses were restricted to microstates starting after 30 ms.…”

Section: Statistical Analyses Of Behavioral Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neurophysiology of Implicit Alcohol Associations in Recently Abstinent Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: An Event‐Related Potential Study Considering Gender Effects

Tschuemperlin

Batschelet

Moggi

et al. 2020

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background: Neuroscientific models of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) postulate an imbalance between automatic, implicit, and controlled (conscious) processes. Implicit associations towards alcohol indicate the automatically attributed appeal of alcohol-related stimuli. First, behavioral studies indicate that negative alcohol associations are less pronounced in patients compared to controls, but potential neurophysiological differences remain unexplored. This study investigates neurophysiological correlates of implicit alcohol associations in recently abstinent patients with AUD for the first time, including possible gender effects. Methods: A total of 62 patients (40 males and 22 females) and 21 controls performed an alcohol valence Implicit Association Test, combining alcohol-related pictures with positive (incongruent condition) or negative (congruent condition) words, while brain activity was recorded using 64-channel electroencephalography. Event-related potentials (ERPs) for alcohol-negative and alcohol-positive trials were computed. Microstate analyses investigated the effects of group (patients, controls) and condition (incongruent, congruent); furthermore, possible gender effects in patients were analyzed. Significant effects were localized with standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic topography analysis. Results: Although no behavioral group differences were found, ERPs of patients and controls were characterized by distinct microstates from 320 ms onwards. ERPs between conditions differed only in patients with higher signal strength during incongruent trials. Around 600 ms, controls displayed higher signal strength than patients. A gender effect mirrored this pattern with enhanced signal strength in females as opposed to male patients. Around 690 ms, a group-by-valence interaction indicated enhanced signal strength in congruent compared to incongruent trials, which was more pronounced in controls. Conclusions: For patients with AUD, the pattern, timing, and source localization of effects suggest greater effort regarding semantic and self-relevant integration around 400 ms during incongruent trials and attenuated emotional processing during the late positive potential timeframe. Interestingly, this emotional attenuation seemed reduced in female patients, thus corroborating the importance of gendersensitive research and potential treatment of AUD.

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Section: Statistical Analyses Of Behavioral Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neurophysiology of Implicit Alcohol Associations in Recently Abstinent Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: An Event‐Related Potential Study Considering Gender Effects

Tschuemperlin

Batschelet

Moggi

et al. 2020

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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“…There is evidence that training can also yield improvements of sensory perceptual abilities in both young and older people. It has been demonstrated that experience and training result in long-term visual perceptual learning (VPL; Sasaki and Watanabe, 2017). In this context, VR might turn out to be the ideal supporting platform for sensory perceptual training of complex stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computerized neurocognitive interventions in the context of the brain training controversy

García-Betances

Cabrera-Umpiérrez

Arredondo

2017

Reviews in the Neurosciences

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Abstract This article presents, in the form of an analytic narrative review, a complete picture of the state-of-the-art, challenges, and perspectives in the field of information and communication technology (ICT)-based neurocognitive interventions for older adults. The narrative particularly focuses on applications aimed at mild cognitive impairment and similar age-related cognitive deficits, which are analyzed in the context of the brain training controversy. Clarifying considerations are provided about the nature and present extent of the brain training debate, regarding the possible influence it has on the support received by research and development initiatives dealing with innovative computerized neurocognitive interventions. It is recommended that, because of the preliminary nature of most data currently available in this area, further research initiatives must be supported in the quest for better effectiveness of computer-based interventions intended for age-related cognitive impairment. The conclusion suggests that advanced ICT-based tools, such as virtual and augmented reality technologies, are the most fitting platforms for applying nonpharmacological computerized neurocognitive interventions.

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“…Visual perceptual learning (VPL) is defined as long-term visual performance improvements after visual experiences, and is thought to reflect brain plasticity in adults 1 – 3 . However, the underlying neural mechanisms of VPL are not completely understood 4 . The brain area(s) that change in association with VPL remain hotly debated in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Functional Connectivity Changes Beyond Visual Cortex in a Later Phase of Visual Perceptual Learning

Kang

Kim

Chang

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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The neural mechanisms of visual perceptual learning (VPL) remain unclear. Previously we found that activation in the primary visual cortex (V1) increased in the early encoding phase of training, but returned to baseline levels in the later retention phase. To examine neural changes during the retention phase, we measured structural and functional connectivity changes using MRI. After weeks of training on a texture discrimination task, the fractional anisotropy of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, a major tract connecting visual and anterior areas, was increased, as well as the functional connectivity between V1 and anterior regions mediated by the ILF. These changes were strongly correlated with behavioral performance improvements. These results suggest a two-phase model of VPL in which localized functional changes in V1 in the encoding phase of training are followed by changes in both structural and functional connectivity in ventral visual processing, perhaps leading to the long-term stabilization of VPL.Visual perceptual learning (VPL) is defined as long-term visual performance improvements after visual experiences, and is thought to reflect brain plasticity in adults [1][2][3] . However, the underlying neural mechanisms of VPL are not completely understood 4 . The brain area(s) that change in association with VPL remain hotly debated in the field. Some researchers have suggested that VPL takes place in the early visual cortex, citing that VPL is specific to the trained feature/location. For example, VPL of a texture discrimination task is specific to the trained visual field quadrant and does not transfer to other quadrants 5 . Such location specificity suggests the involvement of the early visual cortex, in which visual processing occurs locally [5][6][7] . A number of human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have documented the involvement of the primary visual cortex (V1) [8][9][10][11] in VPL. On the other hand, the majority of animal studies have failed to find evidence of the involvement of V1 neurons, in contrast to results from human studies [12][13][14] (but see refs [15][16][17][18] ). The results of a recent study suggest a reason for the discrepancy 7 , namely, a difference in time course of learning development. Yotsumoto et al. 7 showed that in the early phase of VPL training, performance increases are accompanied by activation enhancement in the region of V1 corresponding to the trained stimulus. However, in the later phase of VPL training, after performance increases have reached a plateau, V1 activation returns to baseline levels, even while performance on the trained task remains high. These results are in accord with a two-phase model of VPL, in which V1 is involved in the encoding of VPL, and in a later phase different regions and/or aspects of the brain are involved in the long-term retention of VPL. This model accounts for both the involvement of V1 in human studies and the absence of V1 activation changes in monkey single-unit recording studies, and may effectiv...

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Neuroscience: When perceptual learning occurs

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

The Neurophysiology of Implicit Alcohol Associations in Recently Abstinent Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: An Event‐Related Potential Study Considering Gender Effects

The Neurophysiology of Implicit Alcohol Associations in Recently Abstinent Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: An Event‐Related Potential Study Considering Gender Effects

Computerized neurocognitive interventions in the context of the brain training controversy

Structural and Functional Connectivity Changes Beyond Visual Cortex in a Later Phase of Visual Perceptual Learning

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