“…Neurosurgery relies heavily on technical skills, and it is not surprising that quite a few researchers have investigated how technical competency can be assessed and taught ( Gelinas-Phaneuf and Del Maestro, 2013 ; Kirsch et al, 2022 ; Davids et al, 2021 ). More recently, some groups have investigated a potential role for modern computer-based techniques such as virtual reality simulation and machine learning or virtual communities in this field ( Winkler-Schwartz et al, 2019 ; Titov et al, 2023 ; Gandamihardja, 2014 ; Bonrath et al, 2015 ; Issenberg et al, 2005 ; Ledwos et al, 2022 ).…”