Neurotoxic snakes of the Americas

Rolan, Terry D

doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000000180

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Snake envenoming is a leading reason for morbidity and mortality in the rural tropics around the globe [1]. Approximately 375 snake species around the world are venomous and are considered dangerous [2][3][4]. Although an accurate figure of the burden of global snakebites is unavailable, an estimate of 5.5 million annual snakebites across the globe is considered realistic [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra (Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs

Adhikari

Suriyagoda

Premarathna

et al. 2020

Toxins

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There is limited information on clinical profiles, treatment, and management aspects of Indian cobra (Naja naja) bite envenoming in dogs in Sri Lanka. Dogs with cobra bites presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Peradeniya, were prospectively studied over a period of 72 months; local and systemic clinical manifestations and hematological abnormalities were recorded. We studied 116 cobra bite envenomings in dogs. A grading system was established using a combination of anatomical site of fang marks, as well as local and systemic clinical manifestations. Accordingly, treatment strategies were established using Indian polyvalent antivenom (AVS). Pain and swelling at the bite site were major clinical signs observed, while neurotoxic manifestations (mydriasis, wheezing, and crackles) were detected in most dogs. Leukocytosis was observed in 78% of them. Statistical analysis revealed that the grading scores obtained were compatible to initiate AVS administration according to the severity. The minimum number required was 2 AVS vials (range 2–12). Almost 20% of the dogs developed wheezing, crackles, hypersalivation, restlessness, and dyspnea as adverse reactions to AVS treatment. Necrotic wounds on bitten anatomical sites developed in 19% of the dogs and 2.5% developed acute kidney injuries as a consequence of envenoming crisis. Despite treatment, 3% of dogs died. No dry bites were recorded.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra (Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs

Adhikari

Suriyagoda

Premarathna

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…These group of toxins affect the nervous system by strongly binding with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs) [82]. Most neurotoxins are composed of the three-finger toxins (3FTx) and phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2 s) [89]. They inhibit communication between neurons across the synapse, causing muscle paralysis and resulting in respiratory difficulties and subsequent swift death.…”

Section: Neurotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Appraisal of Antidotes’ Effectiveness: Evidence of the Use of Phyto-Antidotes and Biotechnological Advancements

et al. 2020

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Poisoning is the greatest source of avoidable death in the world and can result from industrial exhausts, incessant bush burning, drug overdose, accidental toxication or snake envenomation. Since the advent of Albert Calmette’s cobra venom antidote, efforts have been geared towards antidotes development for various poisons to date. While there are resources and facilities to tackle poisoning in urban areas, rural areas and developing countries are challenged with poisoning management due to either the absence of or inadequate facilities and this has paved the way for phyto-antidotes, some of which have been scientifically validated. This review presents the scope of antidotes’ effectiveness in different experimental models and biotechnological advancements in antidote research for future applications. While pockets of evidence of the effectiveness of antidotes exist in vitro and in vivo with ample biotechnological developments, the utilization of analytic assays on existing and newly developed antidotes that have surpassed the proof of concept stage, as well as the inclusion of antidote’s short and long-term risk assessment report, will help in providing the required scientific evidence(s) prior to regulatory authorities’ approval.

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Venoms

Lowry¹

2020

Toxicology Cases for the Clinical and Forensic Laboratory

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Neurotoxic snakes of the Americas

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra (Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs

Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra (Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs

An Appraisal of Antidotes’ Effectiveness: Evidence of the Use of Phyto-Antidotes and Biotechnological Advancements

Venoms

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